psy 5 LTM

systems approach

different types of LTM stores that hold different kinds of info

processing approach

what determines what we remember is how we use that info/process it (encoding)

Primacy effect

• memory is higher for things at the beginning

• more time for rehearsal w earlier items → can be moved to LTM

Recency effect

• memory higher for items at the end of the list

• still active in working memory

decay theory

there’s always a chance of decay. the memory simply faded

interference theory

• other info is the getting in the way of retrieval

• Two types: Retroactive and Proactuve

• The middle of the serial position curve is affected by both types → hence double the forgetting

Retroactive interference

• new information interferes w retrieval of old

• affects the primacy affect

proactive interference

old information interferes w retrieval of new info

Squire and zola memory systems

LTM has Declarative (explicit) and non declarative (implicit) stores

• Declarative has Semantic and episodic memory

• Implicit has

  • Procedural

  • Priming

  • Classical conditioning

  • Nonassociative learning

Declarative memory

• Aka explicit. conscious memories

• Semantic

  • Facts, can’t recall how i learned this info i just know it

• Episodic

  • mental time travel, when ppl think when they hear “memory”

Non declarative memory

Non conscious memories

• Procedural

  • Skill learning

  • motor/ muscle memory

• Priming

  • presentation of 1 stimulus influences the effect of a 2nd stimulus

• Classical conditioning

  • emotional or skeletal musculature response

• No associative learning

  • habituation, sensitization

Explicit memory tasks

• Recognition

  • Choose from a list

  • faster, higher accuracy

• Recall

  • Free recall

    • No list, what u remember in any order

  • Serial recall

    • in the order is was presented

  • Cued recall

    • given a cue/hint related to target item

Implicit memory tasks

• Procedural

  • skill learning

  • how to do smth w practice

• Priming

  • Repetition priming

    • same stimulus twice, 2nd time faster response

  • Semantic priming

    • Present factually related items

Retrograde amnesia

Memory loss for events prior to trauma

• Graded memory loss

  • worse closer to trauma

• there is recovery

  • memories present after trauma

Psychogenic amnesia

Loss of memories from emotional trauma

Anterograde Amnesia

• Lose ability to create new memories after trauma

  • limited recovery

Patient H.M.

• Bilateral removal of medial temporal lobe (focal point of seizures) to relieve chronic seizures

• successfully treated seizures, suffered anterograde amnesia (complete loss of memory consolidation)

  • lost ability to form explicit memories, demonstrated normal implicit learning

    • Priming: Word completion and incomplete picture tasks

    • Procedural tasks: ex mirror tracing

synaptic consolidation

• changed btwn adjacent neurons

  • Long term potentiation

  • increased receptors over time

• neuronal level and fast acting

systems consolidation

involves multiple brain structures and can take decades

• medial temporal lobe very important

• consolidation is hippocampal-dependent

• retrieval is hippocampal-independent

Hippocampus

• helps w formation of new cortical connections over diff areas

  • ie does the binding

  • all memories of alisha are bound together by hippocampus

  • strengthens over time

• Cortical connections are the memory

• hippo not needed for retrieval only formation according to standard model

• only affects semantic memory

reconsolidation

when memories change

Multiple trace theory (MTT)

• says retrieval in episodic memory is also hippo dependent

• no episodic memory w hippo damage

• hippo is the search bar

Craik and lockhart levels of processing

How we encode info affects the likelihood of retrieval rather than where or how long it’s stored (the deeper it’s processed the better we can retrieve)

• incidental memory task

  • font, rhyme, and similar meaning changed

  • diff fonts show visual processing

  • rhyming shows phonological code

  • meaning, u have to read, process, and compare

• recall was best w meaning (font<rhyme<synonyms)

elaboration

add meaning= more likely to retrieve it

• such as when i use irl examples when studying

Distinctiveness

aka isolation effect or von Restroff effect

• more likely to remember distance items over smth else

Forgetting

caused by retrieval failures

• ex feeling of knowing (familiarity)

• tip of the tongue phenomenon

• cued vs uncued recall

info is available but not accessible

Tulving and Pearlstone

w additional cues can recall more items

• only applies if the item was already in LTM, if it was never encoded it can’t be retrieved, no amount of cues will help

Encoding specificity theory

Learning is better not be deepness of processing but when context at encoding matches context at retrieval

• transfer appropriate processing

• Context dependent learning

• state dependent learning

Context dependent learning

• environmental context effects

• scuba divers learned lists on land and in water

• best recall when learning env. and recall env. matches (wet/wet, dry/dry)

state dependent learning

• ur state at the time of encoding and retrieval

• ex if i always study drunk i should take the test drunk prob

Distributed Practive

more effective than massed practice because more likely to engage in elaborate coding due to alternate strategy use