poli 448 authors

Whitworth: Militarized masculinity

-rejects biological determinism
-explores military training, socialization, conformity, and decivilianization as parts of creating militarized masculinity
-contradiction of peacekeeping
-stigmatization of PTSD and continuing violence

Sylvester

-mainstream IR abstracts war too much, need to conceptualize of it from the ground up
-war is experienced through the body, how do women’s bodies register war differently
-war as a transcultural social institution of collective armed injury

OSCE: Gender and EWS

-need to include gender-based issues in monitoring issues + considerations
-avoid static characterization of women’s role in conflict
-gender analyses can reveal political, social, and economic inequalities that pose otherwise overlooked threats
-4th generation EWS: community-based rather than top-down, bring in local voices and ideas to create better indicators + understand local dynamics that could lead to conflict

Early Warning Systems

processes and tools to collect data, monitor risk indicators, and predict political violence to help take preventative action

Fukuda-Parr

-globalization + human security: need a human security approach to understand the effect of globalization on actual people, how it poses negative changes to lives
-globalization is creating instabilities and rapid shifts that negatively affect women especially
-global crime, trafficking, capital market deregulation, informal sector, disease spreading are all consequences of globalization that disproportionately impact women
-need international action that addresses these with a gender perspective

Calgar et al.

-feminist strategies in itnernational governance (overview)
-feminist strategizing: includes how goals are negotiated, how policy is framed + defined, how radical intentions are turned into a mode of governance
-timeline of feminist involvement in global governance: knowledge formation, global transformation, consolidation and neoliberal stagnation
-evaluating feminist achievements: can take an actor specific approach to see how framing and discursive changes have been brought or institutional approach to look at methods in IL and gender mainstreaming

Whitworth: UN and Gender Mainstreaming critique

-advancing gender mainstreaming in UN faces serious obstacles
-insufficient resources
-feminist language must conform to UN to be heard, this turns it into an institutionally restrained problem solving tool that strips radical potential
-case of Afghanistan and underfunded, imperial gender advisors and units
-doesn’t challenge UN frameworks and understanding of what conflict is, GM simply becoming another tool to make peacekeeping easier, not challenge how it is done
-UN instruments taken as a given
-women still seen either as victims or as unique conflict resolvers

UNSCR 1325 (2000)

-Women, Peace, and Security agenda
-incorporate gender perspectives in UN peace and security efforts
-women should have full and equal role in peace negotiations, conflict prevention etc
-need to protect women from unique experiences in war, recognize that war is different experience for women
-prevention: integrate gender perspectives into conflict prevention strategies

Walby

-comparative gender mainstreaming
-gender mainstreaming is a transnational intiative, which means that policy development and implementation is not standardized
-diverse understandings of what gender equality is change how this is implemented: tinkering, transforming, tailoring
-has helped to broaden realm of where gender equality is advanced, but hard to observe real impact on the ground
-international origins of the idea make it hard to implement broadly, needs to be tailored to different contexts

Gender mainstreaming

-A policy approach that systematically evaluates and incorporates a gender perspective into every stage of policy design, implementation, and institutional decision-making

-Rather than simply adding quotas, it requires a deliberate analysis of how policies affect different groups

Basu

-global south agency in 1325
-GS not just a recipient of the policy, countering imperialist critique
-writing 1325: GS active in advancing it at first, also want to challenge this critique bc global governance is not just north over south, south has voice in way things are adopted/implemented
-implementation: GS govts have adopted national action plans, training peacekeeping forces and including women
-GS countries should also still take ownership for their failures to adhere: many not applying unless they are in an international conflict — don’t want to internationalize conflict, but then 1325 doesn’t apply…