Anatomy pre exam 3 (why am i doing this)

Thalamus

brain’s relay station, deals with all senses except smell

Midbrain

brain part that deals with hearing, movement and environmental changes

Pons

part of brain that deals with blinking, vision, balance, hearing

-origin for 4 cranial nerves

-bridges between Midbrain and Medulla

Medulla

where brain meets spinal cord, regulates body (heart beating, breathing, CO2 level)

-produces reflexive activities: coughing/sneezing

Ischemic

stroke where blood flow to brain is blocked/reduced

-brain can’t get proper nutrients or CO2

Hemorrhagic

stroke where blood vessels in brain leak/burst

ALS

progressive neurodegenerative disease that attacks motor neurons

-muscular dystrophy and eventual paralysis

Association Areas

locations in the brain responsible for complex coordination and integration of sensory and motor functions

Olfactory (I)

cranial nerve that interprets smell, originates in nasal cavity

Optic (II)

cranial nerve that originates in retina, interprets sight

Oculomotor (III)

cranial nerve that produces motion of eyeball and lid, deals with lens adjustment

Trochlear (IV)

cranial nerve that stimulates oblique muscles of the eye

Trigeminal (V)

cranial nerve that senses tough, heat, cold, and pain, deals with chewing muscles

Abducens (VI)

cranial nerve that manages lateral rectus muscles for eye movement

Facial (VII)

cranial nerve that sense taste buds, also manages facial muscles

Bell’s Palsy

dysfunction of facial nerve

-one side of face become paralyzed, unknown cause, symptoms can be spontaneous

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

cranial nerve that senses balance and carries auditory information

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

peripheral neve that senses taste and blood pressure, deals with swallowing muscles

Vagus (X)

cranial nerve that senses auditory canal and organs in ventral cavity, manages smooth and cardiac muscles

Accessory (XI)

cranial nerve that manages sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle

Hypoglossal (XII)

cranial nerve that supply muscles on the bottom side of the tongue

Nerve Plexus

bundle of nerves after leaving the spinal cord that tend to bunch up (4 main ones)

Intervertebral Foramen

location where the spinal nerves exit the spinal cord, posterior space in between 2 vertebra

Cervical

plexus that manages C1-C5

-supplies phrenic nerve & neck muscles

-has 7 vertebrae, but 8 spinal nerves

Brachial

plexus that manages C5-T2

-deals with upper extremity movement

-passes through clavicle and rib cage

Lumbar

Plexus that manages T12-L5

-breaks down into femoral and obturator nerve

-supply lower back, abdomen, and medial thigh

Sacral

plexus that manages L4-S4

-location of sciatic nerve

-supplies posterior thigh & lower foot/leg

Coccygeal

plexus that supplies pelvic and reproductive organs

-manages S4 & S5

Cauda Equina

syndrome where a bundle of spinal nerves in lumbar region are compressed

-caused by major disk herniation

Phrenic

peripheral nerve in cervical plexus, its irritation creates the hiccup reflex

motor: diaphragm

sensory: heart, lungs

Musculocutaneous

peripheral nerve located in brachial plexus (arms, biceps, wrist)

motor: allows for flexion and supination of forearm

Ulnar

peripheral nerve in Brachial plexus

-motor: forearm, hand muscle

-sensory: ring & pinkie finger, palm

Median

peripheral nerve in brachial plexus, only one to pass through carpal tunnel region

sensory: middle finger to thumb, lateral portion of palm

motor: forearm flexors and pronators

Radial

peripheral nerve in Brachial Plexus

motor: elbow extensor & posterior forearm muscles

sensory: posterior surface skin of lower arm

Intercostal

peripheral nerves between ribs

motor: muscle contractions

sensory: skin & pleura

Femoral

peripheral nerve in lumbar plexus, divided into anterior and posterior sections

motor: hip flexors, quads, knee extensors

sensory: skin of thigh (anterior and medial)

Sciatic

peripheral nerve in sacral plexus (lower back)

motor: knee flexion, hip adduction, dorsiflexion, toe extension

sensory: skin on feet, legs, & two toes

Tibial

peripheral nerve branched off from sciatic behind the knee

motor: posterior lower leg

sensory: skin of posterior lower leg and bottom of foot

Fibular

peripheral nerve branched from sciatic into deep and superficial segments

motor: lower leg, foot, ankle

sensory: lower portion of lateral leg

Dorsiflexion

flexion of ankle, upwards