atomic structure

atomic number

number of protons in nucleus of atom

mass number

number of protons and neutrons in nucleus of atom

isotopes

atoms of same element with different number of neutrons

relative isotopic mass

mass of isotope relative to 1/12th mass of an atom of carbon-12

relative atomic mass

weighted average mass of all isotopes relative to 1/12th mass of an atom of carbon-12

1st ionisation energy

energy needed to remove 1 mole of electrons from one mole of atoms in a gaseous state

what are the 4 key stades of mass spectometry?

— ionisation
— acceleration
— separation of ions
— detections

electron impact ionisation forms…

M⁺ ions

electrospray ionisation forms…

MH⁺ ions

electron impact ionisation … cause fragmentation

does

electrospray ionisation … cause ionisation

does not

electron impact ionisation is used for…

elements and small molecules

electrospray ionisation is used for…

large molecules e.g. protein

there are … electrons in an orbital

2

how many orbitals are in sub-shell s?

1

how many orbitals are in sub-shell p?

3

how many orbitals are in sub-shell d?

5

how many orbitals are in sub-shell f?

7

unpaired electrons are represented by…

an upward arrow

paired electrons are represented by…

two arrows (first upwards, second downwards)

sub-shells fill up so electrons…

remain unpaired

electron configuration for Cr (last two)

3d⁵4s¹

electron configuration for Cu (last two)

3d¹⁰4s¹

isoeletronic

atoms, ions, or molecules that have the same total number of electrons or identical electron configurations

shielding

the way inner-shell electrons block outer electrons from feeling the full positive pull of the nucleus