The Digestive System

Chapter 17

defecation

The reflex that moves feces into the rectum and out of the body is the _________ reflex

increased

In this reflex, the feces are moved into the rectum by either peristaltic waves or _________ internal abdominal pressure

relax

At the same time, the internal anal sphincter is triggered to ______

spinal cord

A reflex involving the ___________ assists in increasing abdominal pressure and squeezing the rectum

relax

At this time the external anal sphincter is triggered to ______ and the feces are moved out of the body

enamel

What part of a tooth often thins from years of brushing, teeth grinding, and eating acidic foods?

• Gingiva

• Dentin

• Enamel

orbicularis oris

The first sphincter of the digestive system, called the ___________ muscle, surrounds the entrance to the oral cavity

inferior

The _________ constrictor muscles act as a sphincter, preventing air from entering the esophagus but relaxing to allow food to pass through

lower esophageal

At the terminal end of the esophagus is the ________________ sphincter, which controls the entrance of food into the stomach

pyloric

The _________ sphincter regulates the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine

ileocecal

The junction of the small and large intestines is the location of the _________ sphincter, which regulates movement of intestinal contents into the large intestine

internal anal

The involuntarily controlled _____________ sphincter is composed of smooth muscle that relaxes at the onset of defecation

external anal

The voluntary relaxation of the ____________ sphincter, which is composed of skeletal muscle, is the final step in defecation

gastric

gastric

The inner lining of the stomach contains openings of the ducts from the _________ glands. These glands contain three types of cells, whose secretions together form ________ juice

chief

parietal

mucous

The _____ cells secrete pepsinogen and the _________ cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl). The third cell type secretes mucus. These cells are the _______ cells

pepsin

One function of HCl is to remove some amino acids from pepsinogen, converting it to ________, an active enzyme

proteins

Both HCl and pepsin function to chemically breakdown and digest _________

alkaline

Mucus is an __________ secretion that helps to protect the stomach lining

function of large intestine

function of large intestine or not a function:

stores feces

function of large intestine

function of large intestine or not a function:

absorbs water

function of large intestine

function of large intestine or not a function:

digests complex carbohydrates

function of large intestine

function of large intestine or not a function:

produces vitamin K

not a function

function of large intestine or not a function:

digests lipids

not a function

function of large intestine or not a function:

absorbs bile salts

not a function

function of large intestine or not a function:

absorbs lipids

not a function

function of large intestine or not a function:

releases digestive enzymes

mouth

where does each secretion enter the GI tract

mouth, stomach, or duodenum:

salivary amylase

stomach

where does each secretion enter the GI tract

mouth, stomach, or duodenum:

intrinsic factor

stomach

where does each secretion enter the GI tract

mouth, stomach, or duodenum:

HCI

stomach

where does each secretion enter the GI tract

mouth, stomach, or duodenum:

pepsinogen

stomach

where does each secretion enter the GI tract

mouth, stomach, or duodenum:

gastric lipase

duodenum

where does each secretion enter the GI tract

mouth, stomach, or duodenum:

trypsin

duodenum

where does each secretion enter the GI tract

mouth, stomach, or duodenum:

pancreatic lipase

duodenum

where does each secretion enter the GI tract

mouth, stomach, or duodenum:

bile

duodenum

where does each secretion enter the GI tract

mouth, stomach, or duodenum:

pancreatic amylase

duodenum

where does each secretion enter the GI tract

mouth, stomach, or duodenum:

chymotrypsin

liver

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas:

synthesizes bile

liver

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas:

synthesizes bile acids

liver

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas:

releases its secretions into the bile canaliculi

gallbladder

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas:

contraction is induced by cholecystokinin

gallbladder

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas:

stores the substance that breaks globules of fat into droplets

pancreas

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas:

secrete enzymes that digest fats

pancreas

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas:

secrete inactive enzymes that, when activated, will digest proteins

pancreas

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas:

secretes an enzyme that digests carbohydrates

large intestine

In which organ do the peristaltic waves typically occur only 2–3 times each day?

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small intestine

• Large intestine

hepatic portal vein

poor

The ______________ delivers nutrient-rich, oxygen- _____ blood to the liver cells from the digestive organs

hepatic artery

rich

The __________ is responsible for delivering oxygen- _____ blood to the liver cells, thus providing oxygen for the large metabolic demand of this tissue

sinusoids

Blood from both the artery and vein mix freely as it flows through the small capillaries in the liver, called _______

central vein

hepatic vein

inferior vena cava

After passing through the capillaries in a hepatic lobule, the blood flows into a ___________. Many central veins merge into a ___________, which empties into the _____________

stomach

In the digestive tract, what organ is found just distal to the esophagus?

monosaccharide

what nutrient has this mode of transport for absorption:

facilitated diffusion and active transport

amino acids

what nutrient has this mode of transport for absorption:

active transport

fatty acids

what nutrient has this mode of transport for absorption:

diffusion

electrolytes

what nutrient has this mode of transport for absorption:

diffusion and active transport

water

what nutrient has this mode of transport for absorption:

osmosis

bolus

The tongue forms the mass of food into a ______

pharynx

The tongue then pushes the newly formed mass into the ________

soft palate

A reflex then causes the elevation of the _________, closing off the nasal cavity

epiglottis

trachea

The ______ closes off the top of the larynx so that food does not enter the _______

peristaltic

esophagus

stomach

A type of movement called a _________ wave pushes the food down the _________ to the __________

protein

which is the target of the digestive enzyme/compound

protein, carbohydrate, or lipid:

pepsin

protein

which is the target of the digestive enzyme/compound

protein, carbohydrate, or lipid:

HCI

protein

which is the target of the digestive enzyme/compound

protein, carbohydrate, or lipid:

trypsin

protein

which is the target of the digestive enzyme/compound

protein, carbohydrate, or lipid:

dipeptidase

carbohydrate

which is the target of the digestive enzyme/compound

protein, carbohydrate, or lipid:

maltase

carbohydrate

which is the target of the digestive enzyme/compound

protein, carbohydrate, or lipid:

sucrase

carbohydrate

which is the target of the digestive enzyme/compound

protein, carbohydrate, or lipid:

salivary amylase

carbohydrate

which is the target of the digestive enzyme/compound

protein, carbohydrate, or lipid:

lactase

carbohydrate

which is the target of the digestive enzyme/compound

protein, carbohydrate, or lipid:

pancreatic amylase

lipid

which is the target of the digestive enzyme/compound

protein, carbohydrate, or lipid:

gastric lipase

lipid

which is the target of the digestive enzyme/compound

protein, carbohydrate, or lipid:

pancreatic lipase

lipid

which is the target of the digestive enzyme/compound

protein, carbohydrate, or lipid:

bile salts

absorb water

store feces

Which of the following is/are functions of the large intestine?

Check All That Apply

• Absorb water

• Store feces

• Secrete digestive enzymes

• Digest proteins

• Synthesize vitamin B

chylomicrons

In the intestinal lumen, triglycerides are digested to fatty acids and monoglycerides. These two components are absorbed through the intestinal mucosa and enzymatically reunited to re-form triglycerides. These triglycerides, along with other lipids, enter the lacteals as part of particles called __________.

• chyme

• chylomicrons

• HDL

• LDL

peritoneum

The mesentery is the part of the ________ that is responsible for connecting portions of the small intestine to the abdominal wall.

parietal

visceral

This double-layered membrane is located between the _________ peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity and the ________ peritoneum that surrounds the digestive organs

posterior

The mesentery is attached to the ________ part of the abdominal wall and allows the segments of the intestines to move against one another without friction

arteries and veins

The mesentery contains ___________ that branch to supply the small intestine

inferior

Three main vessels make up the hepatic portal triad. These structures are found on the _______ side of the liver

hepatic portal vein

poor

Blood arrives at the liver through two circulatory vessels. Blood from the digestive tract is diverted to the liver via the ____________, which carries nutrient-rich, oxygen- _____ blood to the liver

hepatic artery

rich

A branch off the celiac trunk, the __________ is responsible for delivering oxygen- ____ blood to the liver. Thus, this vessel provides for the large metabolic demand of the liver

common hepatic

cystic

bile

Bile produced in the liver flows out of the liver in the ___________ duct. This duct merges with the ______ duct from the gallbladder to form the ____ duct, which leads to the small intestine

uvula

What structure is pulled upward during swallowing to close the opening between the nasal cavity and pharynx?

• Palatine tonsils

• Tongue

• Hard palate

• Uvula

pepsin

The enzyme __________ begins digestion of protein in the stomach.

• protease

• pepsin

• lipase

• amylase

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into smaller forms

What is the definition of digestion?

• The process of taking food into the body

• The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into smaller forms

• The uptake of substances by a tissue

• The muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract

long chain fatty acids

What molecules are absorbed into the lymph?

• Amino acids

• Glycerol molecules

• Long chain fatty acids

• Glucose molecules

true

true or false:

the body utilizes the absorbed nutrients to produce ATP

liver

what organ is responsible for the production of bile?

oropharynx

voluntary

The first stage of swallowing involves the tongue moving the bolus of food into the __________. This process is a(n) __________ action.

• esophagus; voluntary

• oropharynx; voluntary

• oropharynx; involuntary

• esophagus; involuntary

amino acids

monosaccharides

fatty acids

Proteins are broken down into _________, carbohydrates into ___________, and fats (triglycerides) into ___________. The smaller sized molecules are able to cross the mucosal membrane

higher

lower

Some digestive products, such as water and electrolytes, will be absorbed by diffusion. They diffuse from an area of ________ concentration in the intestinal lumen to an area of ________ concentration in the cells lining the intestine

facilitated diffusion

Other nutrients will require a transporter in the membrane as well as a concentration gradient. This process of ______________ is the process by which some monosaccharides are absorbed

active transport

Finally, some nutrient molecules will require energy and a transporter protein in the membrane. Amino acids use this form of transport, called ___________

blood

lymph

Once absorbed, the monosaccharides, amino acids, electrolytes, and water will be transported by the _______, while most fatty acids will be transported by the ______

hydrochloric acid

hydrochloric acid, pepsin, gastric lipase, or intrinsic factor:

activates pepsinogen

hydrochloric acid

hydrochloric acid, pepsin, gastric lipase, or intrinsic factor:

destroys most ingested pathogens

hydrochloric acid

hydrochloric acid, pepsin, gastric lipase, or intrinsic factor:

breaks up cell walls of plants and connective tissues

pepsin

hydrochloric acid, pepsin, gastric lipase, or intrinsic factor:

digests proteins

pepsin

hydrochloric acid, pepsin, gastric lipase, or intrinsic factor:

active form of a zymogen

gastric lipase

hydrochloric acid, pepsin, gastric lipase, or intrinsic factor:

digests fat in the stomach