🫀 LAB PRACTICAL 1

Name the plane

mid-sagittal or median plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Name the plane

para sagittal divides the body into left and right parts that are not equal.

Name the plane

frontal divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Name the plane

transverse divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Name the plane

oblique

Name the cavity

cranial cavity, vertebral = spinal cavity

Name that cavity

thoracic cavity

Name that cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

Pericardial Cavity

surrounds the heart

Pleural Cavities

surround each lung

Mediastinum

cavity between the lungs that contains all the thoracic organs except the lungs themselves (heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels)

Retroperitoneal

external to the lining of the abdominal portion of the abdominopelvic cavity. example: kidneys and pancreas.

Name each quadrant

Right Upper Quadrant, Left Upper Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant, Left Lower Quadrant

Name that organ

brain

Name that organ

spinal cord

Name that organ

heart

Name that organ

Lungs

Name that organ

Kidney, Urinary Bladder

Name that orgran

Pancreas, Large Intestine

Name that organ

small intestine

Name that organ

stomach

Name that organ

liver

Name that organ

spleen

integumentary system organs

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

integumentary system functions

protects the body from injury, infection, and water loss, helps regulate temperature, provides sensation

skeletal system organs

bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

skeletal system functions

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework muscles use to cause movement. Forms blood cells and stores minerals.

muscular system organs

skeletal muscles

muscular system functions

produces body movement, facial expression, maintains posture, produces heat

nervous system organs

brain, spinal cord, nerves

nervous system function

as the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

endocrine system organs

pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

endocrine system function

produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

cardiovascular system organs

heart, blood vessels

cardiovascular system functions

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc. the heart pumps blood

lymphatic system/immunity organs

red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thoracic duct, spleen

lymphatic system/immunity functions

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts an attack against foreign substances within the body.

respiratory system organs

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus/bronchi

respiratory system function

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

digestive system organs

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum/anus

digestive system function

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

urinary system organs

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

urinary system function

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

Male Reproduction System organs

Prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens

Female Reproductive System organs

Mammary glands (in breasts), ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube

Reproductive System Function

The overall function is to produce offspring, Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk.

Name that microscope structure

Oculars, Revolving nosepiece, Stage, Base

Name that microscope structure

Scanning power objective, Arm, Diaphragm, Coarse Adjustment Knob

Name that microscope structure

Low power objective, High - Dry Power objective, Slide position Adjustment Knob, Fine Adjustment Knob

Name that animal cell structure

Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Plasma Membrane, Centrioles, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Name that animal cell structure

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Lysosomes, Nucleolus, Nucleus, Cytosol, Golgi Body

Plasma/Cell Membrane

The selectively permeable outer barrier of the cell.  Controls what enters/exits the cell

Nucleus

Houses genetic information (DNA), controls cellular structure and functions

Nucleolus

Produces ribosomes

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

Cytosol

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of flattened sacs that synthesize glycoproteins and phospholipids

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Network of tubules that synthesize lipids (fatty acids and steroids)

Golgi Body

Modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins received from rough ER  (“post-office”)

Mitochondrian

“Powerhouse” of the cell, generate energy or ATP

Lysosome

Contain digestive enzymes that break down a variety of molecules

Centrioles

Organizing center for growth of mitotic spindles (needed for cell division), and microtubules

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments that extend through the cytosol

Number of Layers

Simple

one layer

Number of Layers

Pseudostratified

appears to have multiple layers but all its nuclei lay on the basement membrane making it simple

Number of Layers

Stratified

multiple layers

Name that cell shape

Squamous

Flat

name that cell shape

cuboidal

roughly as tall as wide

name that shape

columnar much taller than wide

Name the tissue

Simple Squamous (Epithelial)

Function: Filtration, diffusion, rapid exchange of materials

Sample Locations: Air sacs of the lungs, Kidney filtration membranes, lining of blood vessels, Serous membranes

Name the tissue

Simple Cuboidal (Epithelial)

Function: Secretion

Sample locations:

Kidney tubules, glands

Name the tissue

Simple Columnar (Epithelial)

Function: Secretion, Absorption

Sample Locations: Lining of spinal cord and brain, lines GI tract, kidney ducts

Name the tissue

Pseudostratified Columnar (Epithelial)

Function: Secretion, may be ciliated/conciliated

Sample Location: Respiratory tract

Name the tissue

Stratified Squamous (Epithelial)

Function: Protection (abrasion, water loss, UV radiation), 1st line defense against microbes

Sample Locations: Keratinized found in the superficial layer of skin (epidermis), Non-keratinize lines wet surfaces (mouth, esophagus)

Name the tissue

Transitional (Epithelial)

Function: Stretches to accommodate changes in volume

Sample Location: Lines portions of urinary system (ex: urinary bladder)

Name that tissue

Areolar (Loose Connective Tissue)

Name that tissue

Adipose (Loose Connective Tissue)

Name that tissue

Reticular (Loose Connective Tissue)

Name that tissue

Dense regular (Dense Connective tissue)

Name that tissue

Dense Irregular (Dense Connective tissue)

Name that tissue

Dense Elastic (Dense Connective tissue)

Name that tissue

Hyaline Cartilage (Cartilage)

Name that tissue

Fibrocartilage (Cartilage)

Name that tissue

Elastic Cartilage (Cartilage)

Name that tissue

Compact bone

Name that tissue

Blood smear

Superior

Above; towards the head or upper part of a structure

Ex: the skull is superior to the breastbone (sternum)

Inferior

Below; away from the head or lower part of a structure

Ex: The stomach is inferior to the lungs

Anterior/Ventral

Front; nearer to or at the front of the body

Ex: The sternum is anterior to the heart

Posterior/Dorsal

Back; nearer to or at the back of the body

Ex: the spine is posterior to the sternum

Medial

Nearer to the midline

EX: the sternum is medial to the arms

Lateral

Farther from the midline

EX: the arms are lateral to the sternum

Proximal

Near to; if a limb, near to the point of attachment

EX: the elbow is proximal to the wrist

Distal

Farther from; if a limb, Farther from the point of attachment

EX: the ankle is distal to the thigh

Superficial/external

Toward or on the surface of the body

EX: the skin is superficial to the bone

Deep/internal

Away from the surface of the body

EX: bone is deep to the skin

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body as another structure

EX: the liver is ipsilateral to the ascending colon

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

Ex: the liver is contralateral to the descending colon