AI basic terms and concepts

what is an algorithm

a step by step procedure for solving a problem or accomplishing a task. in machine learning, processes data and help build models

what is artificial intelligence

an attempt to build and program intelligence into machines so they can perform tasks effectively in many different situations

what is the broad understanding of AI

machines performing tasks associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, perception, language understanding, and decision making

what are the common components of AI definitions

human like behavior, learning from data, reasoning, adapting to different situations, and making decisions

why is there no universal definition of AI

scholars and practitioners disagree about what intelligence is, how AI works, and how it should be understood

what problems result from having no universal definition of AI

ambiguity about what AI means, how people understand it, and how it should be regulated

what is machine learning

a type of AI in which computers learn patterns from data to build models and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed with every rule

what is deep learning

a form of machine learning that uses neural networks with multiple hidden layers to learn complex patterns from large amounts of data..

what is generative AI

a type of ai that generates new content, such as images, music, video, and computer code

what is natural language processing

technology that enables computers to process, interpret, and respond to human language through text or speech

what is narrow AI

AI designed to perform a specific task or a limited range of tasks rather than general human level intelligence

what are examples of narrow ai

voice assistants, spam filters, image recognition, language translation, recommendation systems, and facial recognition

what are the key limitations of narrow ai

it is specialized and lacks general understanding of the world, human consciousness, and human emotions

what is artificial general intelligence

a hypothetical ai capable of learning, reasoning, understanding, and applying knowledge across a wide range of tasks at approximately human level versatility

what are the key characteristics of agi

flexible learning, contextual understanding, reasoning, goal directed behavior, and the ability to transfer knowledge across different domains.

what could hypothetical AGI do

write a novel, solve complex math problems, learn a new language, navigate unfamiliar enviornments, and give advice without needing seperate specialized training for every task

what challenges must be addressd to develop AGI

commonsense reasoning, consciousness and self awareness, ethics and safety, and human like learning and memory.

what is superintelligent AI

a hypothetical AI that vastly surpasses human intelligence across virtually all fields, including creativity, problem solving, and strategic thinking

what could superintelligent Ai potentialy do

discover new scientific principles, solve complex global problems, resturcture economic systems, and outperform humans in strategic decision making

what are the risks of superintelligent AI

its goals might conflict with human values, it might become difficult to control, and its decisions could be unpredictable or difficult for humans to understand

how is Ai trained in general terms

Ai is trained using algorithms and data. the system identifies patterns in the data, adjusts its model, and uses what it has learned to make predictions or generate outputs

what is a pre trained model

a model that has already been trained on a large and diverse collection of data before being used to respond to new inputs or prompts.

what is a large language model

an ai model trained on vast amounts of text to learn language patterns and generate or interpret text

what is chatgpt

a conversational ai system that uses large language models to generate responses to user prompts

what does GPT stand for

generative pre trained transformer

what is a neural network

a computing model made of interconnected units that process information and learn patterns from data. neural networks are inspired loosely by the structure of biological neural systems

what are the three main layers of a neural network

the input layer, the hidden layer or layers, and output layer

what is the input layer of a neural network

the layer that receives the data entering the network

what is the hidden layer of a neural network

the layer or layers that process inputs and identify patterns through learned connections and weights. their internal operations can be difficult to interpret

what is the output layer of a neural network

the layer that produces the models final predicition, classification, or other output

what is deep learning conenction to neural networks

deep learning uses neural networks with multiple hidden layers to learn increasingly complex patterns from data

what is backpropagation

a training algorithm that sends information about prediction errors backward through a neural network to calculate how its weights should change to reduce errors

what are the steps of backpropagation

forward pass, loss calculation, backward pass to calculate gradients, and weight updates to reduce error

what is a black box in ai

a system whose internal processes and decision making are difficult to observe or explain, even when its inputs and outputs are known

why are deep learning models difficult to explain

they contain many interconnected parameters and complex, changing relationships, making it difficult exactly how a particular output was produced

what is generative adversarial network

a system consisting of two nerual networks: a generator that creates synthetic data and a discriminator that tries to distinguish generated data from real data

how does a GAN work

the generator creates synthetic examples, the discriminatro evaultes whether they look real. feedback helps the generator improve its outputs over repeated training

what is an Ai hallucination

an ai generated output that sounded plausible but is factually incorrect or fabricated

what are examples of ai hallucinations

inventing sources, providing false answers, creating imaginary people, or generating code that uses nonexistent functions.

why does AI hallucinations happen

language models learn patterns and predict likely sequences of words, they do not autonmatically verify that every statement is true.

what is sycophancy in ai

the tendency of an Ai system to agree excessively with a users beliefs or opinions instead of providing an accurate, balanced, or critical response

why might an ai model display sycophancy

it may be trained to be helpful, cooperative, and aligned with user preferences, which can lead it to prioritize agreement over accuracy.

what are deepfakes

synthetic media created using ai, often deep learning, to replace or manipulate faces, voices, or expressions so that someone appears to say or do something they did not.

what is the cerebrum responsible for

higher level functions such as thinking, reasoning, problem solving, perception, and voluntary movement, balance, motor coordination

what is the brainstem responsible for

connecting the brain with the spinal cord and regulating essential functions such as breathing, heart rhythm, and other automatic processes

what is the frontal lobe responsible for

decision making, aspects of persoanlity, planning, and movement. brocas area is associated with speech production

what is the parietal lobe responsible for

processing touch and pain and helping interpret spatial information and identify objects.

what is the temporal lobe responsible for

functions involving memory, speech, and auditory processing, including aspects of musical rhythm

what is the occipital lobe reponsible for

processing visual information

what is the hippocampus responsible for

learning, memory formation, navigation, and spatial awareness

what is the amygdala responsible for

processing emotions, responding to threats, and contributing to emotional memory and the fight or flight response

what is hypothalamus responsible for

regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and aspects of hormone control through its interaction with a pituitary gland

what is the pituitary gland responsible for

releasing hormones and regulating other endocrine glands in the body

what is the pineal gland responsible for

producing melatonin, which helps regulate sleep in response to light and darkness

what is gray matter

brain tissue composed largely of neuron cell bodies that processes and interprets information

what is white matter

brain tissue composed largely of axons covered in myelin that transmit information between different parts of the nervous system

what is a neuron

a nerve cell that recieves and transmits information using electrical and chemical signals

what are the three main parts of a neuron

the cell body, dendrites, and axon

what is the cell body of a neuron responsible for

containing the nucleus and maintaining the cells essential functions

what are dendrites responsible for

receiving signals from other cells and carrying those signals toward the cell body

what is an axon responsible for

carrying electrical signals away from the cell body toward other cells

what are axon terminals

the ends of an axon that release neurotransmitters to communicate with other cells

what are neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons or between neurons and other cells across a synapse

what are glial cells

cells that support, protect, nourish, and help maintain neurons and the nervous system

what are the three basic types of neurons

sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

what are sensory neurons responsible for

carrying information from sensory receptaors toward the central nervous system

what are motor neurons responsible for

carrying signals that control muscles and other effectors

what are interneurons responsible for

connecting neurons within the nervous system and helping process information between sensory and motor pathways

what is a synapse

the junction where a neuron communicates with another neuron or target cell, often using neurotransmitters

what is rate coding

a way neurons encode information through the frequency at which they fire action potentials rather than through changes in the size of each action potential

what is an action potential

a brief electircal impulse that travels along a neuron. it follows an all or nothing principle: once the threshold is reached, the action potential occurs rather than growing proportionally with stimulus strength