Ahangari Exam 3

What does the blood carry

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Vitamins

Glucose

Proteins

Immune cells

Hormones

What is the blood volume in Males?

Females?

Males= 5-6L

Females= 4-5L

What is Hematocrit?

Percentage of blood volume that consists of red blood cells(RBCs)

What are the Hematocrits for Males?

Females?

Males= 42-52%

Females= 37-47%

What kind of proteins do blood plasma have in them?

Plasma proteins (Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogens)

What does albumin absorb when present in blood vessels?

It absorbs extra extra fluid from the interstitial and intracellular space

What does globulins contain?

Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta, and Gamma

What does alpha 1 and 2 globulin do?

Inhibits/Prevents activation of an enzyme called protease

What does beta globulin do?

Transports proteins

What does gamma globulin do?

Important for protection from viruses

What happens to gamma globulin when someone has hepatitis?

It protects and increases/activates immune cells against viruses

Why is fibrinogen important and where is it produced?

It is important for clotting factor and it is produced in the liver

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

Erythrocytes (RBCs), Leukocytes, Platelets

What does erythrocytes contain and carry?

Lifespan?

It contains hemoglobin and each hemoglobin carries four oxygen molecules and contains iron

Lifespan= 120 days

What are the 2 types of Leukocytes?

Agranular and granular

What are the 3 types of Agranular cells

B and T lymphocytes and Monocyte

What do B lymphocytes do?

Release antibodies

What do antibodies do?

They detect antigents and forms antigen-antibody complex then other WBCs (white blood cells) can destroy the antigen

What do T lymphocytes do?

Is active and uptakes foreign body for degredation

What do Monocytes do?

Phagocytosis

What are the 3 types of granular cells?

Eosinophils, basophils, and neutorphils

What are neutrophils for?

Phagocytosis

What are eosinophils for?

Active during allergic reaction

What are basophils for?

Causes the release of histamine durning inflammation

What are thrombocytes (platelets) for?

Blood clotting and secretes growth factors which are involved cell growth and cell proliferation

In intrauterine life what is the embryo connected to?

Yolk sac

What 2 functions does the yolk sac have?

Production of blood stem cells and formation of germ cells

Formation of blood stem cells is formed first by what?

The yolk sac

What takes over blood formation after the yolk sac?

The liver in the fetus

After birth, where does blood stem cell production take place?

Bone marrow

Where is Eythropoietin secreted.

What is it used for?

90% by kidney and 10% by liver

Stimulates bone marrow for production of RBCs

2nd function of yolk sac?

Formation of germ cells (XX for female; XY for male)

What does hematopoiesis mean?

formation of blood stem cells

What are the 2 groups of blood stem cells

Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

What do Myeloid cells do?

Give rise to erythrocyte, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte, and platelet

What do lymphoid cells do?

Give rise to B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

Myeloid cycle?

proerythroblast → early erythroblast → late erythroblast → normoblast → reticulocyte

What can reticulocyte convert to?

Erythrocyte

What three factors are needed to convert reticulocytes into Erythrocytes?

Vitamin B12, folic acid, and iron (Fe2+)

Deficiency of any of these factors can lead to what?

Anemia (reduction of rbc)

Pernicious anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency

When is folic acid supplement important?

1st trimester in pregnancy

What causes aplastic anemia?

Destruction of normal structure of bone marrow.

When can the shape of blood cells change?

Radiation therapy when someone has cancer

What are the two types of polycythemia?

Primary or secondary polyvera

Where is the problem located in primary polyvera?

Bone marrow(irritation or overreaction)

What cells do bone marrow produce?

White blood cells (WBCs) , RBCs, and platelets

Irritation or disorder of bone does what to the body?

Increases RBCs, WBCs, platelets and hematocrit

Overproduction of RBCs lead to what?

blood becomes concentrated and accumulate in blood vessels → increases blood pressure (hypertension)

Symptoms of hypertension?

headache, vomiting, nose bleeding, vision problems, and sleep disorders

What is the lifespan of RBCs

100-120 days

Where are the dead cells taken in?

The spleen

Overproduction of RBCs lead to enlargement of which organs?

Spleen and liver

Will increasing the amount of WBCs mean you have a stronger immune system?

No because it depends on the type of WBC you havee

White blood cells are considered either____ or _____

immature or mature

Increased immature WBCs will lead to what risks?

Weakened immune system, risk of infection, and inflammation

What are the function of platelets?

Blood clotting

Increase in platelet production can lead to what?

Myocardial infarction and stroke in CNS

What is the cause of secondary polyvera?

Overproduction of erythropoietin(it is artificial/false)

Sometimes the kidney secretes what?

Erythropoeitin (stimulates bone marrow for production of RBCs)

What is Normocytic anemia?

Blood loss due to heavy bleeding

When can normocytic anemia happen?

Pregnant female has heavy bleeding during delivery

Amount of blood is less than normal

What is Microcytic anemia?

Iron deficiency

What is Macrocytic anemia?

B12 and Folic acid deficiency

Sickle cell anemia is due to what?

Abnormal hemoglobin

What is the function of hemoglobin?

Carries oxygen molecule

When patient has deficiency of oxygen supply to tissue and cells it leads to what?

Hypoxemia (deficiency of oxygen in blood)

When there is no oxygen this leads to formation of what?

Lactic acid

Sickle cell disease has what?

Hypoxemia due to damaged RBCs because of the abnormal hemoglobin

What problems does hypoxemia lead to?

Respiratory problems, pain in joints and abdominal cavity, and can affect other blood stem cell production in bone marrow

Prolonged hypoxemia leads to what problems in a patient?

Weakness, weak immune system, risk for infection, and increased heart rate/tachycardia/palpitations

Deficiency of oxygen to tissue and cells means ... (What should the heart do?)

the heart should pump faster to compensate, which is the reason for increased HR

High level of bilirubin lead to?

jaundice (yellowish color of skin)

What is the treatment for jaundice?

Replace folic acid, iron, and give antibiotic for bacterial infection

Leukemia can either be...

acute or chronic

What leads to Leukemia?

Overproduction of leukocytes (could be mature or immature)

Why don't we need immature leukocytes?

they are not functional and for this reason, patients have weak immune system

Lymphocytic

based on lymphoblastic

Myelogenous leukemia

affects myelocytes

What does Leukemia mean?

eak immune system because of immature WBCs

Signs and Symptoms of Leukemia...

Risk for infection, inflammation, fever, weakness

Joint pain and abdominal pain (Because of infiltration of antibodies in joints)

Treatment for Leukemia

1) Start with chemotherapy

2) Continue with interferon-alpha (INFa), which slows down production of immature leukocytes

3) Radiation therapy kills and destroys cancer cells

4) Last stage is stem cell transplantation

What are the steps for last stage of treatment for leukemia?

Take stem mother cell from healthy person's bone marrow and transplant it to patient's bone marrow

Those healthy stem cells start to produce healthy WBCs and RBCs

What is bigger in diameter, arteries or capillaries?

Arteries

What has more intersectional space, arteries or capillaries?

Capillaries

Why is pressure that exists in arterial system much higher than the venous system?

pressure that exists in aorta is due to strong contraction of left ventricle

Artery is bigger than

arteriole

Arteriole is bigger than

capillaries

Pressure that exists in aorta is about how many mmHg?

100

When blood flow reaches artery and arteriole how many mmHgs is it?

50

When blood flow reaches to capillary level how many mmHgs is it?

20

Why does the pressure drop in the capillaries level?

because of smaller diameter and intersectional area

What is the pressure when blood reaches the venous system?

About 4 mmHg

The wall of the arterial system is...

thicker than venous system

The wall of artery has more

elastic fibers than veins

The volume of blood that circulates in arterial system is under pressure which is about

100 mmHgs

Arterial system is under pressure so it is called

stress volume

Venous system is not under pressure so it is called

unstressed volume

The wall of artery and vein contain

smooth muscle which controls ANS and blood pressure

Capillary lacks what muscle?

smooth muscle