BIO 122 EXAM 3

How are lophotrochozoans grouped together? (What features link them)

Identified by molecular data, named for the lophophore and trochophore

What objects do some animals use to navigate during migrations?

The sun, the north star, and/or Earth’s magnetic field

What is the difference between endotherm and ectotherm?

Endotherms: Regulate their internal body temp within themselves, aren’t affected by the environment

Ectotherms: Regulate their internal body temp depending on the environment.

What is learning?

Modification of behavior based on specific experiences based on

What does the archenteron become?

The gut

Number of gills in sharks and rays

5-7

What are the three components of a bauplan?

1.) Symmetry

2.) Developmental patterns: Tissues

3.) Developmental patterns fate of the blastopore

What is the difference between conformers and regulators?

Conformers allow internal conditions to match environment

Regulators set their body state and keep it constant

What is the tetrapod limb pattern?

1 bone, 2 bones, many bones, digits

What is the hierarchy of animal organization? (within an organism, not kingdom, phylum)

Cells → Tissues → Organs→ Organ systems→ Organism

Primates, marine animals, insects, and corvids are known to have this?

Primates, marine animals (such as dolphins), insects (such as bees), and corvids (crows and ravens) are all known to demonstrate forms of intelligence.

These are challenges to life on land

1.) Water supports a fishes body, air does not

2.) Gills are soft; collapse out of water

3.) Constant threat of desiccation of skin and eggs

What is a stimulus?

any change in an organism's internal or external environment that causes a response.

What is the difference between the two types of associative learning?

Classical conditioning - stimulus becomes associated with an outcome

Operant conditioning - behavior associated with a reward/punishment

How are bilaterians divided?

Deuterostomes, ecdysozoans, and lophotrochozoans

What forms during gastrulation?

Germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

What are monotremes?

Mammal that lays eggs - platypus or echnida

How does being flat help and organism?

Being flat maximizes surface area over volume → diffusion!

What is an animal?

Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop embryonic layers

True or false - you are a fish

True

Fixed action patterns are an example of this

Innate behaviors

What are the common types of communication in animals?

1.) Visual

2.) Chemical

3.) Tactile

4.) Auditory

All chordates share these 4 synapomorphies

1.) Notochord

2.) Dorsal hollow nerve cord

3.) Post anal tail

4.) Pharyneal gill slits

Give examples of diploblastic organisms

Ctenophores, Cnidarians (jellyfish, anemones, corals)

What is cryptobiosis and who carries it out?

State of suspended metabolism; can withstand incredible environmental extremes- carried out by tardigrates

What are 4 mechanisms of heat exchange?

Conduction, Convection, radiation, and evaporation

What are the 4 primary tissues?

Connective, Epithelial, nervous, muscle

Snails, clams, octopuses, and squids are all what?

Mollusca (gastropods, bivalves, and caephalopods)

This group of organisms sheds its exoskeleton

Ecdysozoans

What are the three main types of symmetry?

Bilateral, radial, and asymmetrical

Are all Eukaryotes animals?

No

Round worms belong to which phylum and what type of coelom does it have?

Nematodes and Pseudocoelom

A chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species is called this

Pheromones

What are the two types of questions in animal behavior?

What are proximate and ultimate questions?

What is animal function?

physiology - how animals use their phenotype to perform specific tasks

How do cartilaginous and bony fishes differ in maintaining buoyancy?

Use large, oil-filled livers

Bony fishes use air-filled swim bladders

What is animal form?

Anatomy

What is the outgroup to all animals?

Choanoflagellates

An animal that lacks a backbone?

invertebrate

These make up over half of the known chordates

Fishes

What are some defining traits of Agnathans?

Jawless fishes

What are some defining traits of Chondrichthyans?

Sharks, rays, fins

What are some defining traits of Arctinopterygians?

Bony fishes

What are some defining traits of Amphibians?

Reptiles, live on land and water

What are some defining traits of reptiles?

Scales, ectotherms, can lay eggs on water or land

What are some defining traits of mammals?

What are the main connective tissue types? Briefly include what they do.

Cartilage, bones, (cushions, protection, blood transport)

What makes a tardigrade so special?

they can survive extreme conditions, including freezing temperatures, intense radiation, dehydration, and even the vacuum of space.

What was the Cambrian Explosion? Why is it so important?

a period about 541 million years ago when many different types of animals rapidly evolved, making it important because it led to much of the animal diversity we see today.

Talk about the relationship between form and function, include examples.

an organism’s body structure helps it perform specific tasks, such as a bird’s wings allowing it to fly or a fish’s gills helping it breathe underwater.

What are some of the innovations in vertebrates?

the backbone, skull, jaws, paired fins, lungs, limbs, and amniotic eggs, which helped them move, feed, breathe, and survive in different environments.

What was so important about Tiktaalik?

it was a transitional fossil between fish and land vertebrates, showing how animals evolved limbs and began moving from water onto land.

Discuss conformers and regulators- include examples

Conformers are organisms whose internal conditions change with their environment, like many fish, while regulators maintain stable internal conditions despite environmental changes, like humans regulating their body temperature.

What adaptations help animals thermoregulate?

thick fur, blubber, sweating, panting, shivering, and behaviors such as seeking shade or basking in the sun to regulate their body temperature.

What are some defining traits of sponges?

simple aquatic animals that lack true tissues and organs, have porous bodies, feed by filtering water, and are usually attached to surfaces.

What are some defining traits of Ctenophores and/or Cnidarians?

rows of cilia used for swimming, while cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones) have radial symmetry, tentacles with stinging cells, and simple nervous systems. have 2 germ layers

What are some defining traits of Arthopods?

segmented bodies, jointed legs, a hard exoskeleton made of chitin, and must molt to grow; examples include insects, spiders, and crabs.

What are some defining traits of Molluscs?

soft-bodied animals that typically have a muscular foot, a mantle, and often a hard shell; examples include snails, clams, squids, and octopuses.

What are some defining traits of Annelids?

segmented worms with soft bodies, a complete digestive system, and a closed circulatory system; examples include earthworms, leeches, and marine bristle worms.

What are some defining traits of Echnioderms?

spiny skin, radial symmetry as adults, and a water vascular system with tube feet used for movement; examples include starfish, sea urchins, and sand dollars.

What are the different body cavity types? Include example organisms for each.

The three body cavity types are acoelomates (no body cavity, like flatworms), pseudocoelomates (a partially lined body cavity, like roundworms), and coelomates (a fully lined body cavity, like earthworms, insects, and humans).

What four traits do all chordates share? Give a short description of each.

• Notochord: A flexible rod that provides support for the body.

• Dorsal hollow nerve cord: A nerve tube that develops into the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates.

• Pharyngeal slits: Openings in the throat region used for feeding or breathing in some chordates.

• Post-anal tail: A tail extending past the anus that helps with movement and balance.

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? Include examples.

Classical conditioning is learning through association, like a dog salivating when it hears a bell associated with food, while operant conditioning is learning through rewards or punishments, like a dog sitting to receive a treat.

Explain the difference between a diploblastic and a triploblastic animal? Include examples

Diploblastic animals have two embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm), like jellyfish, while triploblastic animals have three layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), like earthworms, insects, and humans.

What are the four questions that Tinbergen identified that should be answered to understand animal behavior? How can we categorize his questions?

1. Causation (Mechanism): What causes the behavior?

2. Development (Ontogeny): How does the behavior develop over an animal’s lifetime?

3. Function (Adaptation): How does the behavior help the animal survive or reproduce?

4. Evolution (Phylogeny): How did the behavior evolve over time?

These are categorized into proximate questions (causation and development), which explain how behavior occurs, and ultimate questions (function and evolution), which explain why behavior evolved.

How do fish maintain buoyancy (there are multiple)? Why are there different approaches?

using swim bladders (gas-filled organs), oil-filled livers (like sharks), or constant swimming and lift from fins; different approaches evolved because fish have different body structures, habitats, and survival needs.

In homeostasis, do we see negative or positive feedback loops? Why?

uses negative feedback loops because they reverse changes to maintain stable internal conditions, like sweating when your body gets too hot.

How is acclimatization different from adaptation?

a short-term adjustment an individual makes to environmental changes, like adjusting to high altitude, while adaptation is an inherited trait that evolves over many generations, like polar bears having thick fur to survive the cold.

How is altruism adaptive?

because helping others, especially relatives, can increase the survival of shared genes and improve the group's chances of survival, even if it comes at a cost to the individual.

What makes up the equation describing kin selection? What does it tell us?

Hamilton’s Rule (rB > C) describes kin selection, where r = genetic relatedness, B = benefit to the recipient, and C = cost to the helper; it tells us that altruistic behavior is favored when the genetic benefit of helping relatives outweighs the cost.

What is cognition?

the mental process of learning, thinking, remembering, solving problems, and making decisions by processing information.

What are the three forms of symmetry?

1. Asymmetry: No specific body symmetry (example: sponges).

2. Radial symmetry: Body parts arranged around a central axis (example: jellyfish).

3. Bilateral symmetry: Body can be divided into two mirror-image halves (example: humans).

What are the different mating systems we talked about?

1. Monogamy: One male mates with one female.

2. Polygyny: One male mates with multiple females.

3. Polyandry: One female mates with multiple males.

4. Polygynandry (Promiscuity): Multiple males and females mate with multiple partners.

What is the difference between a deuterostome and a protostome?

Protostomes develop their mouth first from the blastopore (like insects and earthworms), while deuterostomes develop their anus first from the blastopore (like humans and starfish).

What is the major difference between an endotherm and an ectotherm?

Endotherms generate most of their body heat internally (like mammals and birds), while ectotherms rely mainly on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature (like reptiles, amphibians, and fish).

What is the closest living thing relative to animals?

Choanoflagellates are the closest living relatives of animals; they are single-celled or colonial organisms that share a common ancestor with animals.

How are sexual selection and mate choice connected?

Sexual selection occurs when certain traits increase mating success, while mate choice drives sexual selection by favoring individuals with desirable traits, like female peacocks choosing males with colorful feathers.

How did we combine game theory with animal behavior?

We combine game theory with animal behavior to understand how animals make decisions when competing or cooperating, such as the Hawk-Dove game, which explains when animals choose to fight or avoid conflict based on the costs and benefits.

Can behavior be genetic instead of learned? How?

Yes, behavior can be genetic (innate) because certain behaviors are inherited through genes rather than learned, such as spiders spinning webs or baby sea turtles instinctively moving toward the ocean.

What are fixed action patterns? Give an example

Fixed action patterns are automatic, instinctive behaviors triggered by a specific stimulus, such as a goose rolling an egg back into its nest when it sees the egg outside.

What are the four tissue types? Give an example of each in the body

• Epithelial tissue: Covers and protects surfaces, like the skin.

• Connective tissue: Supports and connects body parts, like bones and cartilage.

• Muscle tissue: Allows movement, like the muscles in your arms.

• Nervous tissue: Sends signals throughout the body, like the brain and spinal cord.

What features allow animals to stay within their natural state during unexpected environmental conditionals?

Homeostasis allows animals to maintain stable internal conditions during environmental changes through negative feedback, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and behavioral adaptations like seeking shade or shelter.

Define the optimal foraging model and give an example.

how animals maximize energy gained while minimizing the time and energy spent finding food, such as a bird choosing larger insects that provide more energy for less effort.

What are some of the stressors to living on land?

dehydration (water loss), gravity, temperature changes, breathing air, reproduction without water, and exposure to UV radiation.

What is the difference between imprinting and learned behavior?

a rapid form of learning that occurs during a critical early-life period, like ducklings following their mother, while learned behavior develops through experience and practice, like a dog learning to sit for a treat.

Explain torpor

What is social learning?

a temporary state of reduced body temperature, heart rate, and metabolism that helps animals conserve energy during cold temperatures or food shortages, like hummingbirds at night or bats during winter.

How do animals communicate?

through sounds, visual signals, chemical signals (pheromones), and touch, such as birds singing, bees dancing, ants leaving scent trails, and monkeys grooming each other.

What is the difference between innate and learned behaviors?

instinctive actions animals are born knowing how to do, like spiders spinning webs, while learned behaviors develop through experience and practice, like a dog learning to sit on command.

Explain monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry

1. Monogamy: One male mates with one female (example: swans).

2. Polygyny: One male mates with multiple females (example: lions).

3. Polyandry: One female mates with multiple males (example: jacanas, a type of bird).