Unjt 5, 6, & 7

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Most crashes are caused by motorist error. A motorist can reduce the chances of a crash by:

Being alert, being prepared, and acting in time

Aggressive Driving

A progression of unlawful driving actions including unexpectedly alerting the speed of a vehicle, making improper or erratic traffic lane changes, disregarding traffic control devices, failing to yield the right of way, and following another vehicle too closely.

Aggressive driving can eventually lead to…

road rage

What are the four types of driving distractions?

Visual, cognitive, manual, and auditory

Visual distraction

Any task that takes the drivers eyes off the road

Cognitive distraction

Any task that takes the driver’s mind or attention off the steering wheel

Manual distraction

Any task that takes a driver’s hands off the steering whe

Auditory distraction

Distractions caused by sounds that can reduce attention while driving

Examples of distractions:

Texting, messaging, scrolling social media, or watching videos

Using a cell phone, even hands free, for conversations or apps

Inputting GPS while vehicle is in motion

Selecting music

Taking photos or videos while driving

Eating or drinking

Turning to talk to passengers

Reaching for items

etc

A tired driver can be as dangerous as a ___

drunk driver

______ Law, enacted in June 2003, makes it illegal to drive a vehicle while knowingly impaired by lack of sleep (driving while fatigued is recklessness under vehicular homicide status)

Maggie’s

Who is most at risk for drowsy driving?

Sleep deprived

Driving long distances without brakes

Driving through the night

Taking medicine that induces sleep

Driving alone

Driving on long, rural, and/or boring roads

Young people

Shift workers

Commercial drivers

Tailgating

Following too closely behind a vehicle directly in front

Usually, keep __ feet from another vehicle to avoid tailgatin

20

One _______ per 10 mph

car length

Three seconds plus rule

Choose a fixed object, as the vehicle passes the object count the seconds, if it takes at least three seconds for the vehicle to pass the object, there is enough distance for a sudden stop

Perception distance + Reaction distance + Braking distance = _____

Stopping distance

Minimum safe following distance when wet pavement

(One car length per 10 mph) x 2

Minimum safe following distance when gravel

(One car length per 10 mph) x 2

Minimum safe following distance when packed snow

(One car length per 10 mph) x 3

Minimum safe following distance when ice

(One car length per 10 mph) x 6

Before changing lanes, keep in mind:

Only pass or change when necessary

Only pass of change when it can be completed without speeding

Keep a safe distance (no tailgating)

Check traffic ahead and behind

Only pass when signs and pavement markings permit

Signal every lane change

Signal your return to right lane

Return to right lane when ahead of passed vehicle

Driving on wet roads, the three seconds plus rule should be changed to __ or more seconds due to skid

4

Hydroplane

Wed road surfaces cause tires to ride up on a film of water starting at roughly 35 mph.

In hydroplaning, at __ mph and up, tires may totally leave the road surface

55

To avoid hydroplaning:

Do not drive on bald/badly worn tires, and slow down when heavy rain, standing water, or slush is present.

Before driving in cold weather:

Start the engine and let it warm up

Remove any and all snow and ice from vehicle

A vehicle will skid on ice and show if:

A motorist accelerates too fast, turns too fast, or brakes improperly

If brakes lock you should:

release brake pedal and immediately apply with less pressure

_____ are the best traction on ice and in hard-packed or deep snow

Tire chains

On snow covered roads, maintain a distance of _ seconds or more

6

When frost or ice:

Scrape and wipe vehicle windows

Turn on defroster

If defroster fails, stop vehicle, close the windows, and let the heater warm the windows

When fog:

Slow down when driving

Headlights should be kept on low beam

Fog lights (if the vehicle has them) should be turned on

When Sun glare:

Sun visors should be adjusted

Hold steering wheel firmly

Nearly __ percent of driving decision are based on what the driver sees

90

When driving at night, a driver should consider the following factors:

Speed, reaction distance, braking distance

Motorist nighttime reaction time

1.5 seconds

A vehicle travels 88 feet per sec at __ mph

60

Speed 20 mph

Braking: 31 ft and Reaction: 44 ft

Speed 30 mph

Braking: 69 and Reaction: 66

Speed 40 mph

Braking: 123 and Reaction: 88

Speed 50 mph

Braking: 192 and Reaction: 110

Speed 60 mph

Braking: 277 and Reaction: 132

Speed 70 mph

Braking: 376 and Reaction: 154

When city driving, a motorist should look __ seconds ahead (Three second rule)

12

When driving at 25 mph on a clear road, motorist should be able to see at least a ____ ahead

block

Road hazards

Hills, dips, narrow bridges, bumps, and railroad tracks

Construction zones can be identified with

An advance warning sign or flashing lights up to one-half mile from the work area

_____ may control traffic and protect project personnel in the work area

Flaggers

At the end of the area, there will be a _________ sign

End Road Work

Ignition system

Permits key removal only when the vehicle’s transmission is in the Park position

The biggest rule of the steering wheel ignition system:

Never turn the ignition to the lock position while the vehicle is in motion: steering will lock as the vehicle turns and the motorist while lose control of the vehicle

If the rear or front wheel begin to skid, the motorist should _______

take their foot off the gas pedal

To avoid a spin, ______

the motorist should turn in the direction the rear/front is skidding, without oversteering.

Ignition system

will prevent the theft of an automobile and vehicle roll away.

An ignition system permits key removal only when the vehicle’s transmission is in the _______________

Park position

The basic rule the motorist must follow when operating a vehicle with a steering wheel ignition system is to never ________________________________

turn the ignition to the lock position while the vehicle is in motion.

Sudden turns, lane changes or hard braking can throw a vehicle into a ______

skid

On a highway with paved shoulders, (emergency stop)

signal and turn onto the shoulder at or near traffic speed, then begin to slow down.

If a vehicle runs off the pavement:

Slow down

Regain control

Turn slowly onto the road

Most car fires are caused by

Short circuits in the electrical system

If there is a car fire:

Get passengers out, call for help, NEVER try putting out the fire yourself

A vehicle with windows and doors closed will float for

3 to 10 minutes

Two major points of escape and self-rescue from a submerged vehicle are ______________, which will increase the chances of surviving the initial impact with the water, and, while the vehicle is still floating on the surface, to _________________

wearing a seatbelt, escaping through an open window

If you cannot open the window easily,

Use a hard, heavy object to break it

A front engine vehicle will sink ____ first

Nose

When pressure is ______ for the inside and outside of the car, the doors are easier to open. If this case, allow car to sink under the water, take a breath, and open door to swim to surface

Equal

Follow ____________ to reach the surface of the water

air bubbles

If a vehicle stalls on railroad tracks, the motorist and any passengers should _________________________________________, even if a train is not approaching.

get out and move far away from the vehicle and tracks

Once clear of the vehicle and tracks, a motorist should call the number on the ____________________ posted at the railroad crossing or 911

Emergency Notification sign

If a train is approaching, run at a ____-degree angle away from the vehicle and tracks but in the direction of the train to avoid being injured by flying debris.

45

If a vehicle’s conventional disc and drum brakes suddenly fail, a motorist should shift to a ________ and pump the ____________ fast and hard several times.

lower gear and brake pedal

If that does not work, the _________ brake should be used while holding the brake release, so the motorist can let up if the rear wheels lock and the vehicle begins to skid.

parking

If a motorist experiences a flat tire or blowout, they should hold the ___________________ firmly and keep the vehicle straight while gradually slowing down.

steering wheel

(Flat tire) the motorist should remove their foot from the gas pedal but not use the ________. The vehicle should coast to a stop on its own as the motorist pulls to a safe area off the roadway.

brakes

When an engine dies, a vehicle’s __________ will fail.

steering

The motorist should keep a firm grip on the wheel because extra hand power will be needed to ______ or _________. The vehicle should be brought to a stop in a safe area off the roadway.

turn or keep control

If headlights suddenly go out, a motorist should. If this does not work, the motorist should put the parking lights, emergency flashers or turn signals on and call for help.

safely bring the vehicle to a stop in a safe area off the roadway

The ________ or ________ switches may help the lights go on again.

headlight or dimmer

If a gas pedal sticks, the motorist should

Keep their eyes on the road, shift to neutral, steer vehicle to safe area, turn the engine off, call for help

If the vehicles hood flies up, a motorist should

Immediately slow down, use road markings and lines to safely pull into a safe area

If windshields stop during rain and snow, the motorist should

Slow down and pull over then turn on emergency lights and call for help if needed

Avoiding crashes:

Stop quickly (pump brakes if conventional but be careful not to hold it down or risk it locking, though if you have ABS brakes that won’t be an issue)

Turn quickly (turn and drive off road if needed, do not brake hard)

Speed up (if there is a car behind you or to the side about to hit you, or if this is occurring to another vehicle ahead of you)

Rear Crash

Be ready to apply brakes and body between steering wheel and headrest

Side crash

Keep tight grip on steering wheel, be ready to turn if vehicle begins to spin

Head-on Crash

Use arms to brace face from air bags, if not equipped with shoulder strap seatbelt or airbags, motorist should throw oneself across the seat to prevent from flying into the dashboard or steering wheel.

Parked vehicle crash

If motorist hits parked vehicles,

If crash occurs:

Stop vehicle

Stay calm

Assume the worst (call police

Wait at scene but avoid blocking traffic

Ask for assistance from fellow motorists if needed

Warn incoming traffic if in an intersection, highway, or road

Reporting crashes

Police must be notified by NJ law. If a dead body is found at the crash site, do not move it until police arrive.

When damage to the vehicle after the crash is over $500 a motorist must:

Send a written report to MVC within 10 days

Notify insurance company at once

See a doctor if motorist is shaken up