EX. 36 Respiratory System

major role of the respiratory system

supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide. uses 4 processes called respiration:

1. pulmonary ventilation

2. external respiration

3. transport of respiratory gases

4. internal respiration

pulmonary ventilation

the tidelike movement of air into and out of the lungs that allows the gases to be continuously changed and refreshed.

• breathing

external respiration

the gas exchange between the blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs

transport of respiratory gases

the transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and tissue cells of the body using blood as the transport vehicle

internal respiration

exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells

superior nasal concha and superior nasal meatus

middle nasal concha and middle nasal meatus

inferior nasal concha and inferior nasal meatus

hard palate

soft palate

uvula

• goes backward and prevents food going into sinuses

opening of pharyngotympanic tube

nasopharynx

pharynx (where food and air mix)

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharynx

nasal cavity

nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior)

• warm up air along w/ nose hair

nasal vestibule

nostril

hard palate

nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)

soft palate

tongue

lingual tonsil

hyoid bone

• anchor for tongue muscles

epiglottis

• prevent food from entering trachea by closing

vestibular fold

• false vocal cord

• upper fold designed for extra protection from food in trachea

thyroid cartilage

• hyaline

vocal fold

• true vocal cord

• tighten to make high pitched noises

• loosen for lower pitched noises

cricoid cartilage

• hyaline

nasopharynx

pharyngeal tonsil

• immune system

• have crypts for bacteria

• goes away with age

opening of pharyngotympanic tube

uvula

oropharynx

palatine tonsil

• inflammed when sick

isthmus of the fauces

• bridge

laryngopharynx

esophagus

trachea

body of hyoid bone

thyroid cartilage

• hyaline

laryngeal prominence (adams apple)

epiglottis

cricoid cartilage

• hyaline

tracheal cartilages

• prevent collapse of windpipe

• hyaline

body of hyoid bone

vestibular fold

vocal fold

• true vocal cord

• tighten to make high pitched noises

• loosen for lower pitched noises

entire structure

larynx

• voicebox

trachea

• to bronchioles, lined with psuedostratified ciliated epi

• mucus elevator

apex of lung

superior lobe of left lung

left main (primary) bronchus o1

lobar (secondary) bronchus o2

segmental (tertiary) bronchus,

• leads into smaller bronchioles then alveoli (2nd picture)

superior lobe of right lung

middle lobe of right lung

inferior lobe of right lung

alveolar duct

• just after respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts lead into alveoli

respiratory bronchioles

• cuboidal

• just after terminal bronchiole.

• part of respiratory gas exchange

bronchioles

• psuedostratified ciliated

• just before alveoli and after bronchi

terminal bronchiole

• cuboidal

• last section before entering respiratory zone (area of actual exchange) structures, just at the end of the bronchioles (which are conducting zones, just carriers no exchange)

alveoli

• simple squamous epithelium

alveolar sac

cardiac notch

alveolar macrophage

• due to no mucus elevator in alveoli, macrophages keep alveoli clear

• clean alveoli then come out thru the trachea

type I alveolar cell

• simple sq. epi

• allows oxygen to cross and enter capillary

alveolus (singular)

alveoli- gas filled air spaces

type II alveolar cell (secretes surfactant)

• reduces surface tension, if not alveolus would collapse since moisture is attracted

• babies dont have it, need it injected bc lungs would collapse

red blood cell in capillary

mucus elevator

in trachea

• goblet cells secrete mucus

• trachea lined with psuedostratified ciliated epithelium

• cilia move debris/mucus upward out of the lungs to prevent pneumonia

respiratory zone

respiratory membrane, alveoli, alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles

• gas exchange does occur here

conducting zone structures

all other respiratory passageways (from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles) simply serve as access or exit routes

• no gas exchange happening

full respiratory pathway

conducting zone:

1. air goes into nasal area

2. pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)

3. trachea

4. left and right main (primary) bronchi

5. lobar (secondary) bronchus

6. segmented (tertiary) bronchus

7. bronchioles

8. terminal bronchiole

______

respiratory zone:

9. respiratory bronchiole- cuboidal

10. alveolar duct

11. alveoli (sac)- simple sq. epi

pleura

serous membranes around lungs

• made of simple squamous cells on top of areolar CT

• lines cavity wall- parietal

• touches lungs- visceral

pariteal pleura

visceral pleura

pleural cavity

esophagus in mediastinum

root of lung at hilum

left main bronchus

left pulmonary artery

left pulmonary vein

thoracic wall

pulmonary trunk

anterior mediastinum

trachea

thymus

apex of lung

right superior lobe

horizontal fissure

right middle lobe

oblique fissure

right inferior lobe

heart in mediastinum

diaphragm

base of lung/ diaphragmatic surface