exam1 motor terms

What are individual constraints?

Characteristics of the learner such as strength and knowledge and confidence that shape movement.

What are task constraints?

The goal and rules and equipment that shape how a movement can be done.

What are environmental constraints?

Surrounding conditions such as space and surfaces and other people that shape movement.

What is domain-specific knowledge?

Knowledge gained in a particular activity that helps a person recognize and remember meaningful patterns.

What is declarative knowledge?

Knowing facts or knowing what to do in a situation.

What is procedural knowledge?

Knowing how to carry out an action.

What is metacognitive knowledge?

Knowing your own strengths and weaknesses as a learner.

What are metacognitive skills?

Monitoring how you perform and choosing strategies to improve.

What are Piaget's four stages in order?

Sensorimotor then preoperational then concrete operational then formal operational.

What develops during Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

Infants connect sensory information with action and develop object permanence.

What is object permanence?

Understanding that an object still exists when it cannot be seen.

What characterizes Piaget's preoperational stage?

Children use words and symbols but their reasoning is still limited and often egocentric.

What is conservation?

Understanding that an amount stays the same even when its appearance or arrangement changes.

What characterizes concrete operational thinking?

Logical thinking about real objects and experiences with growing ability to consider other perspectives.

What characterizes formal operational thinking?

The ability to reason about abstract ideas and possible consequences.

What is structural interference?

A physical limitation of the body or movement system that interferes with an action.

What is cognitive interference?

Limited mental processing capacity interfering with an action.

What is selective attention?

Focusing on task-relevant information while ignoring less useful information.

How do overexclusive and overinclusive attention differ?

Overexclusive attention takes in too few cues. Overinclusive attention takes in too many cues.

How do simple and choice reaction time differ?

Simple reaction time responds to one expected signal. Choice reaction time selects a response from multiple possibilities.

How do episodic and semantic memory differ?

Episodic memory concerns personal events. Semantic memory concerns general facts and knowledge.

What strategies can improve memory for movement?

Use meaningful connections and imagery and short labels and rehearsal and grouping.

What is competence motivation?

The desire to develop ability through participation and appropriately challenging tasks.

What is perceived competence?

A person's judgment of how capable they are in an activity.

What is self-efficacy?

Belief that you can successfully perform a particular task.

What are the four sources of self-efficacy?

Past mastery experiences and observing others and verbal encouragement and physical or emotional states.

What is intrinsic motivation?

Participating because the activity itself is enjoyable or satisfying.

What is self-determined extrinsic motivation?

Participating for a separate benefit that you personally value.

What is non-self-determined extrinsic motivation?

Participating mainly because of outside pressure or to avoid negative consequences.

What is amotivation?

Lacking a reason to participate because actions seem unrelated to meaningful outcomes.

What three needs are central to self-determination theory?

Competence means feeling capable. Autonomy means having choice. Relatedness means feeling connected.

What is an attribution?

The reason a person gives for a success or failure.

What are the three dimensions of attributions?

Locus concerns internal or external causes. Stability concerns whether the cause changes. Control concerns whether the person can influence it.

What is self-regulation?

Planning a goal and monitoring actions and adjusting based on the results.

What are the three phases of self-regulation?

Forethought or planning then performance or monitoring then self-reflection or evaluation.

How do observation and emulation differ in learning self-regulation?

Observation is watching a model. Emulation is trying to imitate the model with possible assistance.

What is the difference between sex and gender in these slides?

Sex concerns biological classification. Gender concerns socially constructed roles and expectations.

How do gender identity and gender expression differ?

Gender identity is a person's sense of their gender. Gender expression is how they portray it outwardly.

What is gender typing?

Learning and adopting roles or activities that a culture labels appropriate for a gender.

What is stereotype threat?

Concern about confirming a negative stereotype that can affect behavior or performance.

What is stereotype lift?

A performance advantage for an outgroup when a negative stereotype is applied to another group.

What is racial stacking?

Disproportionately placing racial or ethnic groups in certain sport positions or roles.

What is racial tasking?

Giving players in the same position different tasks based on racial stereotypes.

How do race and ethnicity differ in these slides?

Race is a classification linked to physical characteristics. Ethnicity concerns shared cultural elements such as traditions or language.

What is ableism?

Prejudice or barriers that disadvantage people with disabilities.

What is ageism?

Stereotyping or limiting people because of their age.

How can social support affect physical activity?

Encouragement and practical help can increase opportunities and willingness to participate.

What are fundamental motor skills?

Foundational movement patterns such as running and jumping and throwing and catching.

What are the three broad categories of fundamental motor skills?

Locomotor skills and nonlocomotor skills and object projection or reception skills.

What is Seefeldt's proficiency barrier?

A lack of fundamental skill proficiency that can hinder later sport and activity skills.

What is a context-specific motor skill?

A movement adapted to the demands of a particular sport or activity.

What four factors interact in the developmental trajectories model?

Motor competence and perceived motor competence and fitness and physical activity.

What is a positive spiral of engagement?

Skill supports enjoyment and participation which create more chances to improve.

What is a negative spiral of disengagement?

Difficulty reduces enjoyment and participation which removes chances to improve.

How do free play and deliberate play differ?

Free play is self-directed activity. Deliberate play is enjoyable play involving sport skills.

How do structured practice and deliberate practice differ?

Structured practice is organized instruction. Deliberate practice is individualized effortful training designed to improve performance.

What are the sampling and specializing and investment years?

Stages moving from varied sport experiences toward greater focus and commitment in the sport participation model.

What is sport diversification?

Participating in different sports or movement activities to build a broad range of skills.

What is physical literacy?

The movement foundation and confidence to participate in physical activity across life.

What does the mountain of motor development emphasize?

Motor skill development builds through periods from early reflexes toward fundamental and context-specific skillfulness.

What does the LTAD model stand for?

Long-Term Athlete Development which organizes participation and training around growth and maturation.

What do the letters in FTEM represent?

Foundations and Talent and Elite and Mastery.

What is an outcome goal?

A goal based on a competitive result such as winning.

What is a performance goal?

A goal based on your own measurable performance such as making eight of ten passes.

What is a process goal?

A goal focused on the action or technique used during performance.

What is an expert model?

A demonstration by someone showing a polished version of the skill.

What is a learning model?

A demonstration by someone still practicing and making and correcting errors.

What is observational learning?

Learning by watching another person perform or work through a skill.

What is explicit learning?

Learning with conscious awareness of instructions and rules.

What is implicit learning?

Learning a skill with limited conscious awareness of specific rules.

What is discovery learning?

Learning by exploring movement solutions within a task rather than receiving every answer directly.

How long should a useful verbal cue usually be?

About one to three words focused on a useful part of the task.

How do internal and external focus differ?

Internal focus attends to body movement. External focus attends to the movement's effect or target.

What is deliberate practice?

Individualized training designed to improve performance with guidance from a qualified instructor.

What is purposeful practice?

Intentional effort to improve without the full guidance or methods of deliberate practice.

What is naive practice?

Simply doing the activity without a directed improvement plan.

How do constant and variable practice differ?

Constant practice repeats one version. Variable practice changes the skill version or conditions.

What is contextual interference?

The practice difficulty created by working on multiple skills or variations in a session.

Why can contextual interference help learning?

Switching tasks makes learners process and reconstruct movements which can improve later retention and transfer.

What is blocked practice?

Repeating one skill before moving to the next skill.

What is serial practice?

Practicing several skills in a fixed repeating order.

What is random practice?

Practicing several skills in an unpredictable order.

How do variable and random practice differ?

Variable describes what versions or conditions change. Random describes the order of practice.

What is practice specificity?

Matching important movement and sensory and context demands of practice to the real performance situation.

What are retention and transfer tests?

Retention checks the skill later. Transfer checks whether it works in a changed situation.

How do task complexity and task organization differ?

Complexity concerns how many demands the skill has. Organization concerns how tightly its parts connect.

When is whole practice especially useful?

When the parts of a skill are closely connected and need to work together.

When is part practice especially useful?

When a complex skill has components that can be separated without losing their purpose.

What is fractionation?

Separating components that normally happen at the same time for part practice.

What is segmentation?

Separating a skill into parts that occur at different times.

What is simplification?

Reducing a task's difficulty while keeping the main skill goal.

What is attention cueing in part practice?

Directing attention to one component while practicing the task.

How do massed and distributed practice differ?

Massed practice packs in longer sessions or more trials. Distributed practice provides shorter sessions or more rest.

What is mental practice?

Rehearsing a physical skill mentally without overtly performing it.

What is imagery?

A mental representation of performing a skill that may include sight and movement feel.

How do cognitive and motivational imagery differ?

Cognitive imagery rehearses skills or strategies. Motivational imagery concerns goals or arousal or confidence.

How do intrinsic and extrinsic feedback differ?

Intrinsic feedback comes from the performer's senses. Extrinsic feedback is added by a coach or device.

How do concurrent and terminal feedback differ?

Concurrent feedback occurs during movement. Terminal feedback occurs after movement.

What is knowledge of results or KR?

Feedback about the outcome of a movement.

What is knowledge of performance or KP?

Feedback about the quality or pattern of the movement.