INB Exam 3 QA

Which of the following statements describes the I band in a striated muscle?

Extends across two adjacent sacromeres.

Most muscle injuries happen during eccentric types of contraction. having this knowledge, in which phase of sprinting are the hamstring muscles most prone to injury (following movement of the right leg in the image below)

terminal swing

the pulmonary artery carrying blood to the capillary bed on the alveolus carries

deoxygenated blood

Smooth muscle cells are found in all the following structures EXCEPT...

all are correct

Which type of muscle can regenerate through mitotic activity?

Smooth

Which type of muscle has myofilaments arranged in many planes and anchored to plasma membrane?

Smooth

Which of the following joints allows movement in three or more planes

Ball and socket

In what position during performing pull-ups can you use your biceps more effectively to pull yourself up the bar?

Supinating the forearm

Contraction of the rhomboid muscles would

Retract (adduct) the arm

Muscle contraction involves the movement of actin and myosin relative to each other. Which of the two attaches directly to the Z line of a sarcomere?

Actin filaments

Dorsiflexion of the foot is produced by muscles located in which compartment of the leg

Anterior

True or false: the fibula is a weight bearing bone that articulates with the femur at the knee joint

False

In what movement(s) is the ACL under a significant amount of stress?

A) Sudden change of direction while running
B) Sudden deceleration while sprinting
C) Walking downhill
D) A and B
E) All of the above

D) A and B

If a patient is always complaining of being cold, TH (thyroid hormone) levels in the patient can be very low. If their hypothalamic/pituitary system is functioning normally by negative feedback, this would be corrected. This corrective response would ____ levels of TRH and ___ levels of TSH

Increase, Increase

The diaphragm is a muscle innervated by the

Phrenic nerve

Which of the following is true about the submucosa in the respiratory tract?

Contains serous and mucous glands that progressively become less numerous as airway narrows

A fractured rib would affect muscles attached to it. The affected muscle that assists in the inspiration of air is the:

External intercostal

The swelling around the wrist may result in compression of structures passing through the carpal tunnel. Which of the following nerves may be affected?

Median

The motor deficits suggested injury to the sciatic nerve. All of the following muscles would be affected EXCEPT ONE. Which of the following muscles would NOT be affected?

Rectus femoris

The injury to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) would affect what action at the knee

Limits anterior rolling of the femur on the tibial plateau

During the flexion of the biceps muscle the sarcomeres of the muscle shorten. Which of the following structures are attached to the Z line during this process?

Actin myofilaments

What is the correct pathway of a muscle impulse leading to muscle contraction?

Synaptic cleft, sarcolemma, t-tubule, terminal cisterna, sarcoplasm

All the following statements about skeletal and cardiac muscle are true EXCEPT ONE. Which statement is NOT correct?

Skeletal muscle has more capillaries than cardiac muscle

The type of joint characterized by two bones being joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, e.g. interosseous ligaments, is termed a:

Syndesmosis

Synovial fluid is a product of which type of cell?

Synoviocyte, Type B

At the neuromuscular junction the folds that contain acetylcholine receptors are a part of the:

Sarcolemma

The branch of the brachial plexus that innervates the primary muscles that flex the forearm at the elbow joint is:

Musculocutaneous n.

Which of the following muscles is innervated by the median nerve?

Flexor Carpi radialis

The motor nerve that innervates the muscles located in the anterior compartment of the arm is the

Musculotaneous

Which of the following muscles originates on the axial skeleton and acts to move the arm at the shoulder joint?

Latissimus dorsi

The muscles that flex the leg at the knee joint are innervated by:

Sciatic nerve

The muscles of the anterior leg are innervated by which nerve?

Fibular nerve, deep branch

The type of joint between the fibula and tibia is classified as:

Syndesmosis

The primary extensor of the thigh at the hip is the:

Gluteus maximus

The adrenal cortex contains three zones that secrete different hormones. Which of the following accurately describes hormones produced in the zona reticularis?

a) They are produced in response to the pituitary hormone

b) They secrete weak androgens (DHEA)
c) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
d) They typically suppress the immune response by increasing the number of T cells produced
e) All of the above
f) A and B

f) A and B

The predominant type of cell in pancreatic islet is ____, which produces ____.

β cell, insulin

The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that stimulate hormonal secretions affecting which of the following glands?

Thyroid
Adrenal
Bone
Gonads
All the answers

All the answers

Which of the following accurately describes mineralocorticoids?
a) Include the steroid hormone aldosterone
b) Stimulated by angiotensin II and increased K+
c) Are produced primarily by the zona reticularis
d) All of the above
e) A and B

e) A and B

What type of cell in adrenal medulla is responsible for converting norepinephrine (NE) into epinephrine?

Chromaffin cells

The adrenal cortex contains three zones that secrete different hormones. Which of the following accurately describes hormones produced in the zona fasciculata?

a) They are produced in response to the pituitary hormone b) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
c) They include the steroid hormone cortisol
d) They typically enhance the immune response by increasing the number of T cells produced
e) All of the above
f) A and B

f) A and B

Which area of the adrenal gland produces cortisol?

Zona fasciculata of the cortex

Pregnant women giving birth may encounter a stalled labor (contractions slow down and weaken). In these cases, Pitocin (synthetic oxytocin) is often given to speed up birth. Oxytocin is normally secreted from the _____.

Posterior pituitary

The nasal cavity's lamina propia has a rich vascular bed. What is the primary reason?
A. Allow for gas exchange between the blood and the air.
B. To provide nutrition to the surrounding tissues.
C. The blood vessels are necessary to humidify and warm the air.
D. A and B

C. The blood vessels are necessary to humidify and warm the air.

Which structure marks the beginning of the lower respiratory system?

Larynx

The type of epithelial cell that lines the trachea is:

Pseudostratified columnar, ciliated

In the transition from conducting to respiratory portion, what is a change that can be observed?

A. Brush cells replace Goblet cells in the terminal bronchioles.
B. Ciliated cells are replaced by non-ciliated cells, called Clara cells.
C. Goblet cells become more prominent.
D. B and C

B. Ciliated cells are replaced by non-ciliated cells, called Clara cells.

If a newborn baby was, unfortunately, born prematurely (before 28 weeks), it can lead to Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS). The newborn cannot get enough air in their lungs to breathe sufficiently. This problem is a product of

Deficiency of surfactant in the lungs resulting in collapse of the lungs

Properly trace the bronchial tree

Primary Bronchi --> Lobar bronchi --> Segmental (tertiary) bronchi --> Bronchioles --> Alveolar ducts

The trachea is composed of 20 C-shaped cartilage rings. What is the main purpose for this?

Aids in keeping the Trachea from collapsing during inspiration.

Flexion of the arm at the shoulder and supination of the hand are produced by which of the following muscles?

Biceps brachii

The triad in a muscle fiber is composed of:

Two terminal cisterna and a T tubule

During the contraction of the levator scapulae muscle, a nerve pulse to the axon terminal bulb triggers the release of what neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine

When a muscle contracts but there is no movement, we call this a

Isometric

The trapezius muscle has all the following actions EXCEPT ONE. Which action is the EXCEPTION?

Protraction of the scapula

All the following are components of every synovial joint EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

Articular disc

All of the following muscles form the rotator cuff EXCEPT ONE. Which of the following muscles is the EXCEPTION?

Deltoid

Which of the following muscles acts both at the shoulder and elbow joints?

Triceps brachii

Which of the following muscles flexes the arm at the shoulder joint?

Pectoralis major

A muscle that both extends and flexes the arm at the shoulder joint is innervated by the _____ nerve.

Axillary

The supinator muscle acts by crossing the radioulnar joint. Which of the two bones moves in supination?

RadiusRadius
Ulna

All the following nerves are terminal branches of the brachial plexus EXCEPT ONE. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

Thoracodorsal n.

A blow to the lateral knee joint can often result in a tear of one of the ligaments of the knee. Which of the following ligaments is most often torn?

Medial collateral

Which of the following muscles abducts the thigh at the hip?

Gluteus medius

Flexion of the leg at the knee involves which of the following muscles?

Semitendinosus

The patella is a sesamoid bone located in the tendon of a group muscles that:

Extend the leg at the knee

The adductor muscles of the thigh at the hip are innervated by the:

Obturator nerve

Which of the following branches of the sciatic nerve innervate muscles that plantar flex the foot?

Tibial n.

The muscles that extend the leg at the knee joint are innervated by:

Femoral nerve

The ligament of the knee joint which prevents the femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia is the:

Anterior cruciate

The iliacus is a muscle that flexes the thigh at the hip and is innervated by the:

Femoral nerve

Everting the foot is produced by which of the following muscles?

Fibularis

Thyroid gland regulation involves negative feedback to the:
A. Anterior pituitary gland
B. Hypothalamus
C. Posterior pituitary gland
D. A and B
E. B and C

D. A and B

The follicular cells of the thyroid transport a substance across the cell to be secreted into the lumen of the follicle. This substance interacts with the thyroglobulin stored in the follicle to form T3 and T4. Which of the following substances is the material transported from a capillary across the follicular cell and secreted into the lumen of the follicle?

Iodine

Which of the following does not play a role in calcium homeostasis?

Aldosterone

The pharynx is composed of three different regions. What are they, in order?

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin that acts to:

Suppress bone resorption by osteoclasts

Parathyroid hormone has a primary function to increase the activity of which type of cell?

Osteoclast

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) is produced in the:

Posterior pituitary gland

Stress increases the secretions of epinephrine (adrenalin). The endocrine gland that facilitates this action is the:

Adrenal medulla

In order for TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) to produce an effect on the thyroid gland, you would expect it would be secreted from _______ and travel in _________ to bind with target cells in the _______.

The hypothalamus, the hypothlalmohypophyseal portal circulation, anterior pituitary gland

Trace the diffusion of CO2 through the respiratory membrane:

Capillary endothelium > fused basement membrane > Alveolar epithelium > Alveolus

The respiratory membrane is composed of the endothelial cell wall and the cell wall of a

Type I pneumocyte

Bronchial constriction is a product of

Vagus nerve

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

All of the above are functions of the respiratory system.

The respiratory tract includes:

The conducting portion, extending from the nares to the bronchioles of the lungs.

True or False? Respiratory bronchioles take part in respiration.

True

True or False? Neuroendocrine cells help to contract the muscle in the conducting portion.

True