Principles ch 20 test 2 musculoskeletal

Muscle tone

tonus, is continuous and partial muscle contraction even while muscles are at rest

Muscular system

provide movement, heat production, and posture maintenance.

Thermogenesis

Which term means heat production?

Sarcolemma

Which term means the cell membrane surrounding muscle fibers?

Sarcomere

What is the basic unit of contraction in a muscle cell?

Actin

Which term refers to a thin filament protein?

Thin filaments

made of three proteins: actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.

thick filaments

contain motor proteins called myosin, which ―motors‖ the contraction of muscle fibers. Myosin is in the center of the sarcomere and is not attached to the Z lines. contain motor proteins called myosin, which ―motors‖ the contraction of muscle fibers. Myosin is in the center of the sarcomere and is not attached to the Z lines.

Calcium

Which ion does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store and release?

Epimysium

Which tissue surrounds the entire muscle also called deep fascia and is continuous with superficial fascia found under the dermal layer of skin.

Tendon

Which structure anchors muscles to bone?

Aponeurosis

Which structure is a broad, flat tendon?

Retinaculum

Which structure is a band of connective tissue surrounding tendons to help keep them in place? function is to stabilize tendons; they may also function as pulleys. primarily around the elbows, knees, ankles, and wrists.

Origin

Which term means the tendinous attachment on bone that remains inactive during contraction?

Insertion

Which term means the tendinous attachment on bone that moves during contraction?

Functional reversibility

Which phenomenon occurs when a muscle’s origin moves toward the insertion?

Excited

Which state are muscle cells in when they receive a stimulus by the nervous system via a motor Neuron

Sliding filament

What is the model of muscle contraction called?

Neuromuscular junction

Which area contains the terminal end of the motor neuron, the synaptic gap, and the motor end plate?

Acetylcholine

What is the principal neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction?

Motor end plate

Which term refers to folded sections of the sarcolemma that are part of the neuromuscular junction?

Power stroke

Which term refers to myosin pulling thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere?

Motor unit

Which term refers to a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates?

Recruitment

Which term means motor unit activation based on need?

Adenosine triphosphate

Which chemical is the cell’s energy molecule?

Myoglobin

Which molecule is the red respiratory pigment found in sarcoplasm?

Aerobic glycolysis

Which term refers to the stage of glucose breakdown that uses oxygen?

Oxygen debt

Breathing heavily after strenuous exercise is due to which process?

Slow twitch

Which type of muscle fibers are referred to as type 1 muscle fibers, or red muscle?

Marathon runners

Which type of athletes tend to have a high ratio of slow twitch muscles present in their lower extremities?

Fast twitch

Which type of muscle fibers are referred to as type 2 or white muscle?

Concentric

Which term refers to contractions that cause a muscle to shorten in length while generating force?

Isometric

Which term refers to contractions that generate force while muscle length remains the same, without movement occurring?

class 1 levers

Which class of levers involves the fulcrum positioned between the load and the pull?

Fusiform

Which classification has parallel muscle fiber arrangement?

Convergent

Which classification has muscle fibers joining at one end with fibers spreading out like a fan at the other end?

Pennate

Which classification has muscles fibers arranged as a central tendon with muscle fibers emerging diagonally, giving them a featherlike appearance?

Agonists

Which classification of muscles cause specific or desired movements?

Synergists

Which classification of muscles assist prime movers by performing the same movement at the same

Antagonists

Which classification of muscles lengthen while prime movers and their synergists contract to produce the desired action?

Biarticular

Which classification of muscles cross two joints?

De Quervain tenosynovitis

Which condition is inflammation of the synovial sheath on the radial side of the wrist?

Fibromyalgia syndrome

Which condition is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain and joint stiffness, restless sleep, and chronic fatigue?

Myofascial pain syndrome

Which condition is characterized by the presence of trigger points and muscular pain?

Supraspinatus

Which muscle is most often torn in rotator cuff tears?

Plantar fasciitis

Which condition is chronic inflammation of the fascia on the bottom of the foot?

Shin splints

Which condition is characterized pain along the medial tibia?

Strain

Which condition occurs when muscles or tendons become overstretched or torn?

Tendinitis

Which condition is inflammation of a tendon?

Torticollis

Which term refers to a group of disorders involving spasms of sternocleidomastoid?

Whiplash

Which condition is a strain of the cervical spine, most commonly at the junction of fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae?