Human Growth, Counseling Theories, Assessment, and Ethics Review

Comprehensive question-and-answer flashcards covering key topics across developmental psychology, multicultural diversity, therapeutic modalities, group therapy, career counseling, testing and statistics, family systems, and counselor ethics.

What is the term Jean Piaget used to describe patterns of organized thought or behavior?

Schema

In Piagetian theory, how does assimilation differ from accommodation?

Assimilation occurs when new information is fitted into an existing cognitive scheme, whereas accommodation involves modifying an existing scheme or creating a new one to deal with new information.

During which of Piaget's stages does object permanence develop, and at what approximate age?

It occurs during the sensorimotor stage, between the $9\text{th}$ and $12\text{th}$ month.

What are the three primary levels of moral development according to Lawrence Kohlberg?

Preconventional Morality, Level Two (Conventional Morality / Good Boy-Girl and Law and Order orientations), and Postconventional or Self-Imposed Morality.

Why did Carol Gilligan criticize Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

She argued that Kohlberg's theory was male-focused and potentially sexist because it relied exclusively on research conducted with a small group of males.

What is Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development, spanning ages $12$ to $18$?

Identity versus Role Confusion

What psychological phenomenon did Harry Harlow demonstrate using wire and soft terrycloth surrogate mothers with young monkeys?

Contact comfort, showing that the young monkeys preferred the soft terrycloth mother for emotional security even when the wire mother provided milk.

What term did Rene Spitz coin to describe infants who become sad, weepy, and eventually emotionless following prolonged separation from their mothers?

Anaclitic Depression

According to Lev Vygotsky, what is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

The difference between what a child can accomplish independently versus what they can achieve with guidance or assistance from a parent, teacher, or more advanced peer.

In multicultural counseling, what acronym did Pamela A. Hays develop to represent major dynamic identity influences?

ADDRESSING (Age, Developmental/other Disabilities, Religion, Ethnic/racial identity, Socioeconomic Status, Sexual Orientation, Indigenous heritage, National Origin, Gender).

How do the Emic and Etic approaches to multicultural counseling differ?

The Emic approach tailors therapy specifically to the client's unique cultural background and context, while the Etic approach emphasizes universal human traits and treats subcultures with a uniform standard.

In Freudian psychoanalysis, what is the distinction between manifest content and latent content in dream analysis?

Manifest content is the literal dream itself, while latent content represents the hidden, symbolic unconscious meaning deciphered through dream work.

Which component of Sigmund Freud's structural theory of personality is governed by the reality principle?

The Ego

What defense mechanism is characterized by replacing an anxiety-provoking impulse with its direct opposite?

Reaction Formation

Who created Systematic Desensitization as a behavioral therapy for treating phobias?

Joseph Wolpe

What do A, B, and C represent in Albert Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) model?

A is the Activating event, B is the Belief system, and C is the emotional or behavioral Consequence.

What are the three core conditions Carl Rogers identified as necessary for therapeutic change in Person-Centered Therapy?

Congruence (genuineness/authenticity), Unconditional Positive Regard (acceptance), and Accurate Empathy.

What are the three Ego States evaluated in Eric Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA)?

Parent, Adult, and Child (PAC)

In Gestalt therapy, what three defense mechanisms did Fritz Perls identify as barriers to authenticity?

Projection, Introjection, and Retroflection

What does the micro-skill acronym SOLER represent in counselor attending behavior?

S = Face the client squarely, O = Adopt an open posture, L = Lean slightly forward, E = Maintain good eye contact, R = Remain relaxed.

What is the recommended ideal number of members for an adult counseling group?

$8$ members (or a range of $6$ to $8$ / $8$ to $12$).

Who wrote 'Choosing a Vocation' and is recognized as the father of guidance?

Frank Parsons

What six personality and environmental types compose John Holland's RIASEC model?

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional

What are the five lifespan vocational development stages proposed by Donald Super?

Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, and Decline (Disengagement).

What formula defines the traditional Ratio IQ?

$\text{Ratio IQ} = \frac{\text{MA}}{\text{CA}} \times 100$ where MA represents Mental Age and CA represents Chronological Age.

In psychometrics, how are the main types of validity and reliability defined according to this summary reference?

Content Validity covers all material; Construct Validity measures a psychological trait; Concurrent Validity compares to another test today; Predictive Validity predicts future performance; Test-Retest Reliability tests the same test twice; Alternate Forms Reliability uses two versions; Interrater Reliability evaluates agreement between different raters; Internal Consistency measures whether items assess the same thing.

What are the three primary measures of central tendency defined in this summary table?

Mean (Average), Median (Middle Score), and Mode (Most Frequent Score).

According to this summary table, how are Range and Standard Deviation defined as measures of variability?

Range is defined as Highest minus Lowest; Standard Deviation measures how spread out scores are from the mean.

Based on this research methods summary, how do Random Sample and Convenience Sample differ?

In a Random Sample, everyone has an equal chance of being selected; a Convenience Sample recruits whoever is easiest to access.

What inferential statistical test is used to compare the means of three or more groups?

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

In hypothesis testing, what constitutes a Type I (Alpha) error?

A Type I error occurs when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is actually true (a false positive).

In Bowenian family systems theory, what is Differentiation of Self?

The ability of an individual to remain themselves and maintain autonomy while remaining emotionally connected within the family system.

What two major structural problems in dysfunctional families were identified by Salvador Minuchin?

Enmeshment (members are overly interconnected with diffuse boundaries) and Disengagement (members are isolated with rigid boundaries).

According to ACA and NBCC ethical standards, how long must a counselor wait following termination before engaging in a sexual or romantic relationship with a former client?

A minimum of $5$ years.

How long must client records be retained after the final contact according to standard counseling guidelines?

A period of $5$ years.