Chapter 5 Anatomy Test - Integumentary System

What type of membrane is the skin?

Cutaneous membrane.

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

What does NOT describe the epidermis?

It contains blood vessels; the epidermis is avascular.

What is the uppermost layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum.

Which epidermal layer contains constantly dividing cells?

Stratum basale.

What are the five epidermal layers from deepest to most superficial?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.

What is the primary cell of the epidermis?

Keratinocyte.

Which epidermal cells produce melanin?

Melanocytes.

Which epidermal cells detect tactile sensations?

Merkel cells.

Which epidermal cells are macrophages involved in immune defense?

Langerhans cells.

What waterproofing protein is found in the epidermis?

Keratin.

Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin, such as palms and soles?

Stratum lucidum.

What does NOT describe the dermis?

It is formed from epithelium; the dermis is connective tissue.

What type of tissue makes up the dermis?

Dense irregular connective tissue.

What is the order of the skin layers from superficial to deep?

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.

What are bed sores also called?

Decubitus ulcers.

What is another name for the hypodermis?

Subcutaneous tissue.

What tissues make up the hypodermis?

Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.

Hair, nails, and glands originate from what tissue?

Epidermal tissue.

What is the part of hair inside the follicle called?

The root.

What is the part of hair above the skin surface called?

The shaft.

Which structures are associated with hair follicles?

Sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscles, and epidermal cells.

What causes goose bumps?

Contraction of the arrector pili muscle.

Which sweat glands open onto the skin surface?

Eccrine sweat glands.

What is the area of rapidly reproducing cells of the nail called?

The nail matrix; the lunula is the visible crescent-shaped area over it.

What do ceruminous glands produce?

Earwax (cerumen).

Which glands help lower body temperature?

Eccrine sudoriferous glands.

Which glands begin secreting at puberty and are found mainly in the armpits and groin?

Apocrine sudoriferous glands.

What is another term for sweat glands?

Sudoriferous glands.

What substance lubricates skin and hair and weakens bacteria on the skin surface?

Sebum.

Which is NOT a function of sebum?

Helping to cool the body; sweat helps cool the body.

What skin condition involves inflammation and sensitivity to irritants such as chemicals, fabrics, or heat?

Eczema.

What skin disorder causes pink patches covered by silvery scales?

Psoriasis.

Which skin-disorder match is incorrect: athlete’s foot–fungal, impetigo–viral, dandruff–accelerated keratinization, psoriasis–overactive cell division?

Impetigo–viral infection is incorrect; impetigo is bacterial.

Which type of skin cancer is more likely to be malignant and spread?

Melanoma.

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma.

What is the most common cause of skin cancer?

Exposure to UV radiation.

What does ABCDE stand for when checking for melanoma?

Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolution.

What is the correct order of wound healing?

Inflammation/bleeding, clot forms, white blood cells and fibroblasts migrate, tissue regeneration, scar forms.

What are scars primarily made of?

Collagen fibers.

What degree burn extends through the epidermis and part of the dermis?

Second-degree burn.

What degree burn destroys the full thickness of skin and may cause no immediate pain?

Third-degree burn.

Using the Rule of Nines, what percent is burned if the entire right leg, back of trunk, and back of head are burned?

40.5%: 18% + 18% + 4.5%.

Which is NOT an effect of aging skin: wrinkles, gray hair, more sweat glands, or fewer sebaceous glands?

More sweat glands; sweat glands decrease with age.

Which is NOT a function of the skin?

Blood cell production.

Which is NOT a protective function of skin: barrier, sweating, melanin protection, or sebum slowing bacteria?

Sweating to reduce temperature; that is thermoregulation.

What does NOT occur in cool temperatures?

Blood vessels dilate; they constrict in the cold.

What is a special case of hyperthermia caused by infection?

Fever.

Which is NOT a sign of heat exhaustion: low blood pressure, loss of salts, high temperature, or no sweating?

No sweating; heat exhaustion typically involves heavy sweating.

Is the skin also called the integument?

True.

Is the epidermis highly vascular?

False; it is avascular.

Does the integumentary system consist of skin and skeletal muscles?

False; it includes skin and accessory structures such as hair, nails, and glands.

Does the skin have three main layers?

False; the skin has two main layers, epidermis and dermis. The hypodermis lies beneath it.

Do melanocytes phagocytize microbes?

False; Langerhans cells do this, while melanocytes produce melanin.

Does melanin help protect skin from UV radiation?

True.

Can the epidermis contain sensory nerves even though it lacks blood vessels?

True.

Are stratum basale cells keratinized and dead?

False; they are living, actively dividing cells.

Is the hypodermis part of the skin itself?

False; it lies beneath the skin.

Is the dermis highly vascular?

True.

Does the pink color of the nail body come from capillaries in the nail body?

False; it comes from capillaries in the underlying nail bed.

Is eczema another name for hives?

False; hives are called urticaria.

Can skin cancer be deadly?

True.

Is basal cell carcinoma the most common form of skin cancer?

True.

Do scars generally have normal sensations of pain, heat, and cold?

False; scar tissue may have altered or absent sensation.

Do first-degree burns damage only the epidermis?

True.

Can many age-related skin changes be caused by sun damage?

True.

Is UV radiation needed to produce vitamin C?

False; UV radiation helps the skin produce vitamin D.

Do dermal blood vessels dilate when body temperature rises?

True.

Is elevated body temperature called hypothermia?

False; it is hyperthermia. Hypothermia is abnormally low body temperature.

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

Tissue made of multiple layers of flattened cells.

What is keratinization?

The process in which cells become hardened as they fill with keratin.

What are collagen fibers?

Fibers that help prevent skin from tearing and form scar tissue.

What are elastic fibers?

Fibers that allow the skin to stretch.

What are dermal papillae?

Small projections of the dermis that extend toward the epidermis.

What is vascularization?

The presence of blood vessels in a tissue.

What are Langerhans cells?

Immune cells that help protect the body from pathogens.

What are free nerve endings?

Nerve endings that sense pain and temperature.

What is a hair follicle?

A structure in the skin where hair grows.

What is adipose tissue?

Fat tissue that stores energy and provides insulation.

What is sensible perspiration?

Sweat you can feel.

What is insensible perspiration?

Water loss through the skin that you don't notice.

What does phagocytize mean?

To engulf and destroy harmful particles or pathogens.

What is a pathogen?

An organism or agent that can cause disease.

What is tissue regeneration?

The process of replacing damaged cells with new cells.

What is the inflammatory response?

The body's reaction to an injury that helps begin healing.

What are fibroblasts?

Cells that help repair tissue and form scar tissue.

What is the Lund-Browder chart?

A chart used to estimate burn area in children, accounting for their body proportions.

What is metastasis?

Cancer spreading from its original location to other parts of the body.

What are mammary glands?

Glands that produce milk.

What is cerumen?

Earwax.

What are arrector pili muscles?

Small muscles attached to hair follicles that make hair stand up.

What is hirsutism?

Excessive body and facial hair in women, as described in the presentation.

What is alopecia areata?

Sudden, patchy hair loss.

What is vasodilation?

Widening of blood vessels.

What is vasoconstriction?

Narrowing of blood vessels.