bio exam 3 (genes and stuff str)

What is translation?

mRNA synthesized to become a protein (coding)

Gene regulation

REGULATES the TIMING, LOCATION, AMNT of GENE EXPRESSION to PRODUCE SPECIFIC RNA/PROTEIN

Gene expression

FLOW of GENETIC INFO from DNA to RNA to PROTEIN

How does gene expression/gene regulation work?

Some genes are turned on in some cells and not in others

X chromosome inactivation

Ensures that males/females have the same number of ACTIVE X genes

What happens to INACTIVE X in a cell? (x chromo inactivation)

It condenses & are accessible genes

Signaling transduction

A series of RELAY MOLECULES that CONVEY MSSG from OUTSIDE CELL into the INTERIOR CYTOPLASM and then NUCLEUS

How is signaling transduction triggered?

thru CELLS communicating w/ EACH OTHER PRODUCING MOL that EXIT one CELL and BIND to a RECEPTOR PROTEIN on the OUTSIDE of another CELL

What does signaling transduction result in?

TURNING OFF/ON one or more GENES

How is CELL to CELL signaling important in a developing embryo?

Is involved in the growth of animal—>embryo—> adult and controls gene expression

Example of CELL to CELL signaling in a developing embryo

Being involved in development and cell division to increase body size

What does development of an embryo depend on?

Depends on chemical signals passed between cells and embryonic cells

Induction

When 1 GROUP of CELLS influences the DEVELOPMENT of an ADJACENT GRP of CELLS

Induction

One GROUP of CELLS (the inducer) SENDING SIGNALS that CHANGE the DEV, of a NEARBY GROUP OF CELLS OR TISSUE

What is a example of what induction can do?

Inductive signals can CAUSE CHANGE TO SHAPE/DESTROY OTHER CELLS REMOVAL of WEBBING (switches genes off/on on target cells)

Homeotic genes

Master control genes

What do homeotic genes do in developing embryo?

These genes help establish STRUCTURE of AN ORGANISM

What is an example of homeotic genes in developing embryo?

Specific HORMONES GENES DIRECT which end of an EMBRYO will be the HEAD and what other body parts will be

genetic engineering

Manipulating genetic material (recombination of DNA)

DNA TECH (bio engineering)

MANIPULATIONS of ORGANISMS & THEIR COMPONENTS to MAKE USEFUL PRODUCTS

Restriction enzymes (bio engineering)

PROTEINS that CUT/PASTE pieces of DNA only at A SPECIFIC NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE (e.g aug)

How does restriction enzymes specifically work?

the enzyme recognizes a sequence of DNA and cuts it at a specific location, and then the sequence when exposed to the same restriction enzyme it matches the DNA sequence and will cut the same area

Plasmid

Batcerial short circular small DNA

Why do people clone genes?

To produce large quantities of a desired human protein

DNA cloning

Gene that synthesizes WANTED PROTEIN and is ISOLATED/INSERTED into a PIECE OF BACTERIAL DNA called PLASMID, which then produces MULTIPLE LARGE AMNTS of GENES and thus is PRODUCED

genomic libraries

collection of DNA fragments that INCLUDE organisms ENTIRE GENOME

What can the genomic library be used for?

TO hunt/manipulate any gene from the starting organism

Recombinant DNA

A DNA MOL containing nucleotides from more than 1 source

How does the process of recombinant DNA work?

Isolating DNA, using restriction enzymes, and using the fragments cut to insert in plasmid and therefore produce more

Nucleic Acid Probes

Finds desired target dna cells using probe

Gene editing

Altering DNA

CRISPR-CAS-9 (gene editing)

SYSTEM is TECH, allows the nucleotide sequence of SPECIFIC genes to be EDITED in LIVING cells

How does crispr work?

CUTS DNA, and a mol of guide RNA, and it alters the cell, the cas-9 is attached to the guide, and it targets DNA sequence, and it repairs enzymes, which in a way it fixes mutations in cells

DNA synthesis

Artificial creation of DNA molecules by linking nucleotide units together.

Complementary DNA

synthetic DNA reverse-transcribed from a messenger RNA (mRNA) template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase

What does GMOS mean

genetically modified organisms

GMOS

genes acquired artificially

Transgenic organism

Gene acquired from another species

TRANSgenic plants

geneticlaly modified food crops

How do transgenic plants work?

Inserted desired gene in plasmid, and replicating piece of DNA, isolated from bacterium, and the plasmid acts as a temporary DNA carrier, allowing gene to be inserted into genome. of plant, resulting in genetically modified plant

What are ethical concerns of genetic engineering?

Can be harmful

Transgenic animals

Selective breeding farm animals and modifying their food

PCR: polymerase chain reaction

Lab technique by specific segment of DNA can be targeted/copied