Lab Exam #2

vellus hairs

fine hairs located much over the body surface

terminal hairs

heavy, deeply pigmented and sometimes curly

arrector pilli muscle

small pieces of smooth muscle when contracts = pulls hair upward and gives goosebumps

What wraps around each hair follicle?

Connective tissue sheath

hair bulb

beginning of hair root

hair papilla

contains capillaries and nerves that supply hair follicle.

hair root

anchors the hair into the skin

sebaceous gland

oil gland that oils hair shaft to protect it

hair follicle

• internal root sheath

• external root sheath

• glassy membrane

• peripheral CT sheath

hair root

medulla (soft keratin)

cortex (contain hard keratin protein)

cuticle of hair (contain hard keratin protein)

how is hair color determined?

by pigment produced by melanocytes at the papilla

holocrine galnds

discharge oily lipid secretions into hair follicles

produce sebum

function: inhibits growth of bacteria, lubricates, and protect hair shaft

sudoriferous glands

sweat glands

a. merocrine: sweat glands - discharge secretions to surface of the skin

b. apocrine: armpits, nipples, pubic region

eccrine glands (merocrine)

function: cooling surface of the skin, excretion of water and electrolytes, and protection from microorganism

produces: water perspiration = sensible perspiration

apocrine glands

secrete products into hair follicles

sticky, cloudy secretion

odor is produced when bacteria on skin breakdown products in secretions.

begin secreting at puberty

epidermis

tissue: stratified squamous epithelium,

what cells are found within the epidermis?

keratinocytes and melanocytes

function of epidermis

provide mechanical protection

keep microorganisms out

stratum corneum

15-30 rows of dead flat cells

keratinization or cornification occurs

filled with keratin intermediate filaments.

stratum lucidum

found in thick skin only (palms of hands and soles of feet)

clear layer

keratinocytes are flat, packed together, and filled with keratin

stratum granulosum

darkly stained layer containing 3-5 rows of keratinocytes that have stopped dividing

synthesis begins of keratohyalin and keratin = waterproofing proteins

keratinocytes begin to die and dry out

stratum spinosum

8-10 rows of spiny shaped keratinocytes held together by desmosomes

Langerhans cells function in immune response (attack organisms that enter superficial layer)

stratum Basale or germinativum

single layer of cells attached to basement membrane that separates epidermis from dermis

forms epidermal ridges that extend into dermis: help epidermis attach to dermis and from fingerprints

capable of cell divisions

dermis

papillary layer

reticular layer

papillary layer

made of areolar CT

contains capillaries and sensory nerves

contains fingerlike projections called papillae: gives ridge like patterns to skin = fingerprints

reticular layer

composed of dense irregular CT

contains sensory receptors

contains blood vessels

contains hair follicles

fiber bundles responsible for “lines of cleavage”

hypodermis

composed of areolar CT and adipose CT

lines of cleavage

collagen and elastic fibers are in parallel bundles

• cuts parallel = heal quickly

• cuts perpendicular = creates scarring

stretch marks

when elastic properties of skin are exceeded

due to interactions of pigments of the epidermis and blood flow in the dermis

foramen magnum

large hole joining cranial cavity and spinal cavity; contains connection between brain and spinal cord

occipital condyles

oval processes which articulate with C1

zygomatic process

projection which forms posterior part of cheekbone

mastoid process

rounded projection posterior to ear

styloid process

sharp process directly inferiorly which attaches to ligaments supporting hyoid and tongue

external auditory meatus

canal leading to middle ear

mandibular fossa

depression which forms socket for mandible

greater wings

lateral projections which reach to each side of the skull

sella turcica

saddle shaped depression on superior surface of sphenoid that houses pituitary gland

perpendicular plate

process in midline which forms superior bony part of nasal septum

cribriform plate

structure located superiorly, olfactory nerves pass through these holes to connect nose to brain

crista galli

triangular structure that anchors meninges

superior nasal conchae (ethmoid)

lateral projections, creates turbulence to warm incoming air

alveolar processes

sockets for teeth

body of mandible

main horizontal part that forms the chin

mandibular condyle

process which articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone

costal facets of thoracic vertebrae

articulate with the heads of the ribs, (T1-T8) each articulate w 2 ribs so the bodies have 2 costal facets on each side (inferior and superior)

transverse costal facets

on the transverse processes of (T1-T10) articulate with the tubercules of the ribs

what do T11 and T12 lack on their transverse process?

transverse costal facets

what is the anterior surface of the sacrum?

concave

transverse lines

point where bodies of the adjacent vertebrae have fused

anterior scaral foramina

four pairs of foramina that communicate with posterior sacral foramina

what is the posterior surface of the sacrum?

convex

medial sacral crest

a ridge formed by the spinous processes of the fused vertebare

posterior sacral foramina

four pairs of foramina that communicate with the anterior sacral foramina

sacral canal

inferior extension of vertebral canal

sacral promontory

superior border on anterior surface

auricular surface

lateral region that joins with the ilium of the hip bone

head of rib

articulates with the demi-facets on the bodies of thoracic vertebrae

tubercle of rib

articulates with the transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

where does the humerus articulate with the scapula?

glenoid cavity of the scapula

head of humerus

articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula

trochlea

articulates with ulna

capitulum

articulates with the ulna

olecranon process of ulna

articulates with trochlea of humerus, forms elbow

coronoid fossa of ulna

articulates with trochlea of humerus

head of radius

articulates with the capitulum of radius

head of femur

articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone

fovea capitis

ligament attaches from this point to the acetabulum

medial and lateral condyles of tibia

articulates with medial and lateral condyles of femur

head of fibula

articulates with tibia

ligaments

the bones of joints are connected by _________

cervical curve and lumbar curve

convex and secondary curvature

thoracic curve and sacral curve

concave and primary curvature