The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Vocabulary flashcards defining key terms, historical figures, treaties, and concepts from the lecture transcript on the rise of nationalism in Europe.

la patrie

A French revolutionary idea meaning 'the fatherland', which emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

le citoyen

A French revolutionary idea meaning 'the citizen', which emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804)

A legal code introduced by Napoleon that abolished all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, and secured the right to property.

Habsburg Empire

An empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, composed of a patchwork of many different regions, ethnic divisions, and languages without a single collective identity.

Liberalism

A term derived from the word 'liber' (meaning free), which stood for individual freedom, equality before the law, government based on consent, representative parliament, and free movement of goods and capital.

Zollverein

A customs union formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most German states, which abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

Conservatism

A political philosophy stressing the importance of tradition, established institutions (such as monarchy, Church, social hierarchies, property, and family), and customs.

Treaty of Vienna (1815)

A settlement drawn up by Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria to restore monarchies overthrown by Napoleon and set up a new conservative order in Europe.

Duke Metternich

The Austrian Chancellor who hosted the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and famously stated, 'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches a cold.'

Giuseppe Mazzini

An Italian revolutionary committed to fighting for liberty and Italian unification, who founded the secret societies Young Italy and Young Europe.

Young Italy

A secret society founded by Giuseppe Mazzini to disseminate his goals for a unified Italian nation.

Treaty of Constantinople (1832)

The treaty that officially recognized Greece as an independent state following the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire.

Lord Byron

An English poet who mobilized public opinion and financial support for the Greek War of Independence before going to fight in the struggle.

Romanticism

An 18th-century cultural movement that rejected the glorification of reason and science, focusing instead on emotions, intuition, mystical feelings, and folk culture to build national sentiment.

Frankfurt Parliament

An all-German national assembly of 831 elected members convened in St. Paul's Church on May 18, 1848, to draft a constitution for a unified Germany under a constitutional monarchy.

Friedrich Wilhelm IV

The King of Prussia who rejected the crown offered by the Frankfurt Parliament to head a constitutional German nation.

Frederic Sorrieu

A French artist who prepared prints visualizing a world made up of democratic and social republics, depicting peoples marching past the Statue of Liberty.

Ottovon Bismarck

The Prussian Chief Minister who engineered the unification of Germany through three wars over seven years with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.

Kaiser William I

The Prussian king proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony at Versailles on January 18, 1871, following the unification of Germany.

Count Cavour

The Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont under Victor Emmanuel II who used diplomatic alliances and military force to drive out Austrian forces and help unify Italy.

Victor Emmanuel II

The ruler of Sardinia-Piedmont who was proclaimed king of a united Italy in 1861.

Act of Union (1707)

An agreement between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Marianne

The female allegory of the French nation representing liberty and the republic, characterized by the red cap, tricolor, and cockade.

Germania

The female allegory of the German nation, portrayed wearing a crown of oak leaves that symbolizes heroism.

Balkans

A region of geographical and ethnic variation under Ottoman control that became a hotbed of nationalist tension and European imperialist rivalry prior to World War I.

Imperialism

The practice of extending the power, control, or rule of a country over the political and economic life of an area outside its own borders.