ed psych

Educational Psychology

The study of learning and teaching in educational settings

what do educational psychologists help people understand?

cognitive processes, human development, learning, motivaiton, and social behavior

Learning

change in thought or behavior that increses what a learner knows or can do

Teaching

thought and action taken to facilitate learning in others

Personal Knowledge

what you believe about teaching based on your own experiences, values, and observations

Implicit Beliefs

unconscious beliefs that influence how we think and behave

Professional Knowledge

what we know about teaching and learning based on research, evidence, and psychological science

How many propositions are there?

5

Five Propositions

1. Be committed to students and their learning

2. Know your subjects - know what to teach and how to teach it

3. Monitor and assess learning

4. Reflect on practice - learn from your teaching

5. Have Learning Communities - work with and learn from other educators

1. Be committed to _______________.

2. Know your _____________.

3. Monitor __________.

4. Reflect on ____________.

5. ____________________.

students and their learning, subjects, learning, practice, learning communities

Three Axioms

1. Teaching as Learning

2. The Inquiry Imperative

3. Improvement Inquiry

Axiom 1

Teaching as Learning - teaching and learning are two facets of a single process; learning is the measure of teaching

learning is ___________ of teaching

measure

teaching and learning are __________________________________.

two facets of a single process

Axiom 2

The Inquiry Imperative - teachers exame whether their action actually produce learning using Reflection Inquiry

Axiom 3

Improvement Inquiry - Effective teachers continually work at improving their practice using the PDSA cycle

PDSA cycle

A part of Axiom 3; Plan, Do, Study, Act

Deficit Thinking

belief that problems in school have to do with the students and/or family

Systems Thinking

belief that locates problems with students as parts of a larger, interconnected whole rather than in isolation

What model does Systems Thinking use?

The Iceberg Model

Iceberg Model

encourages educators to look at the entire classroom ecosystem, rather than the tip of the iceberg

A ________ shift is needed to help educators have a Systems Thinking approach to teaching.

proactive

Learning Discernment

applying ideas flexibly, responsively, and continually to bridge theory and practice; deciding how scientific ideas apply to particular learners in a specific context

Scientists generalize, Teachers ___________.

personalize

Discernment fosters _________.

growth

Levels of Discernment in Teachers

1. Aspiring teacher

2. Novice teacher

3. Professional teacher

4. Accomplished teacher

5. Educational leader

What are the three things that stress out elementary - college students?

anxiety, depression, and bullying

Noddings’ Ethics of Care

Care is relational: both caregiver and cared-for have roles; emphasized the difference between natural care and ethical care

Natural vs Ethical care

natural care arises from personal relationships, while ethical care is a deliberate moral commitment to care relationships even when challenging

Fore Core Developmental Theories

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory, Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, Piaget’s Constructivism

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

theory that crisis is a good, necessary thing because development occurs through social and emotional challenges across the lifespan; seen in 8 stages

8 Stages of Psychosocial Theory

1. Trust vs Mistrust

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

3. Initiative vs. Guilt

4. Industry vs Inferiority

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

8. Integrity vs Despair

What stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory occurs during infancy and what strength does one gain?

1. Trust vs Mistrust; strength: hope

What stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory occurs during toddlerhood and what strength does one gain?

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt; strength: will

What stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory occurs during young childhood and what strength does one gain?

3. Initiative vs. Guilt; strength: purpose

What stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory occurs during middle childhood and what strength does one gain?

4. Industry vs. Inferiority, strength: competence

What stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory occurs during adolescence and what strength does one gain?

5. Identity vs Role Confusion; strength: fidelity (trust in themselves)

What stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory occurs during young adulthood and what strength does one gain?

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation; strength: love

What stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory occurs during middle adulthood and what strength does one gain?

7. Generativity vs Stagnation; strength: care

What stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory occurs during older adulthood and what strength does one gain?

8. Integrity vs Despair; strength: wisdom

Mariacas Identity Statuses Chart

includes Achievement, Moratorium, Diffusion, and Foreclosure based on Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory’s Identity vs Role Confusion

Achievement

undergone a crisis and made a commitment

Moratorium

in the midst of a crisis but lacking commitments

Foreclosure

made a commitment but did not experience a crisis

Diffusion

not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory is based on ___________________.

self-reflection rather than rigorous empirical research

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems

development is shaped by interacting relationships, settings, and broader social systems; 5 systems

What are the 5 systems of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem

Microsystem

direct relationships and settings

Mesosystem

connections between settings like parent-teacher interactions

Exosystem

influences from other settings like extended family and mass media

Macrosystem

cultural values like social norms and political systems

Chronosystem

changes across life and time like divorce

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

learning occurs through social interaction, cultural tools, and guidance from more knowledgeable others

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory argues that we use _____________________.

psychological tools

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky’s model that highlights the gap between what a learner can do alone vs with guidance

Scaffolding

created by Vygotsky; teacher provides hints and clues as needed

Reciprocal Teaching

created by Vygotsky; students take turns as the “teacher”

Peer Collaboration

created by Vygotsky; students work together with assigned roles

Apprenticeships

created by Vygotsky; novices work alongside experts

Piaget’s Constructivism

Learners actively build knowledge by exploring and making sense of their experiences; has four stages

Four Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, Formal Operational Stage

Sensorimotor Stage

Infant and Toddlers, gain cause and effect and object permanence

Preoperational Stage

Preschool-Early Elementary, gain symbolling thinking like words and numbers

Concrete Operational Stage

Elementary and Early Middle School, gains conservation, (which one has more or are they the same?)

Formal Operational Stage

Late Middle, Secondary, and Postsecondary, gains hypothetical reasoning, abstract ideas (justice, morality, freedom, “what if?”)

Quote that matches Identity Diffusion

“I don’t know who I want to be”

Quote that matches Identity Foreclosure

“I’m going to be what my family”

Quote that matches Identity Moratorium

“I’m trying to figure out what I believe and who I am”

Quote for Identity Achievement

“I considered different paths and know who I am”

Group Socialization Theory

children learn how to behave by identifying with and adapting to peer groups

Halo Effect

a cognitive bias in which one positive characteristic influences our overall judgment of a person ex: if the child is attractive they are smart

Horn Effect

A cognitive Bias in which one negative characteristic influences our overall judgement of a person ex: if a child is unattractive they are unintelligent

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Our actions towards others impact others beliefs about us which causes other actions toward us to reinforce our beliefs about ourselves

Othering

defining people as “different from” or outside the dominant group (ex: race, gender, disability)

Cross’s Racial Identity Development Model

1. Pre-encounter: race has little importance to identity

2. Encounter: an experience prompts rethinking of racial identity

3. Immersion/Emersion: explores and embraces identity and culture

4. Internalization: develops a secure, positive Black identity

5. Internalization-Commitment: connects identity

Helm’s White Racial Identity Development Model

1. Contact: little awareness of race

2. Disintegration: begins recognizing racism

3. Reintegration: may retreat from discomfort

4. Pseudo-Independence: wants to understand

5. Autonomy: develops secure equity commitment

Critical Race Theory

a framwork for analyzing systems focusing primarily on race, law,a nd institutions; racism impacts systems and practices (not only individual views)

Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC)

students learn best when they are healthy, safe, engaged, supported, and challenged; academics connect to student health and well-being;

Intelligence

the capacity to learn, reason, understand,Where did intelligene testinf origini adapt to new situations, and apply knowledge to solve problems

Where did intelligence testing originate

China

Who created special education screenging in Paris

Binet

Who created the IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

Stern

Intellectual disability score is <__.

70

Gifted score is >____.

130

68% of the population will fall between ___ and ____.

85, 115

Preschool-to-Prison Pipeline

black children, especially boys, experience early exclusion in the classroom which can contribute to academic difficulties like getting suspended disproportionately and later justice system involvement

ESEA - Elementary and Second Education Act (1965)

expanded federal support for K-12 Education

Section 504 (1973)

protects students from disability discrimination and support access

IDEA - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1975)

requires appropriate evaluation and individualized resources for students with disabilities

ESSA - Every Student Succeeds Act (2015)

maintains accountability while allowing greater state and local flexibility

Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS)

ranges from all students to few students based on the amount of support they require in academics and behavior.

Who are the Five Intelligence Theorists

Spearman, Cattell, Gardner, Sternberg, Maslow

Spearman’s Intelligence Theory

General (G) is overal reasoning ability (critical thinking) while Specific (s) is particular skills needed for one task like mentally rotating shapes. There is room for variation between G and s

Cattell’s Intelligence Theory

Crystallized knowledge is knowledge gained from experience while Fluid knowledge is knowledge gained from novel problem solving, or creative problem solving. Crystalized knowledge increases as we age, while fluid knowledge decreases as we age.

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

There are 8: linguistic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, logical-mathematical, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Creative ability (novel problems), Analytical ability, Practical ability (adapting to environment/picking a new environment) (CAP)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization.

What was concluded from “A Class Divided’

minimal differences canbe discriminated when authority adds value to them and that can affect academic ability

Claude Steele’s experiment on Stereotypic Threat

the stereotype of an individual effected the way they tested