HOSA Pre-Assesment

hyper-

above, excessive (hypertension = high blood pressure)

hypo-

below, deficient (hypoglycemia = low blood sugar)

tachy-

fast (tachycardia = fast heart rate)

brady-

slow (bradycardia = slow heart rate)

a- / an-

without (anemia = without enough red blood cells)

dys-

painful, difficult, abnormal (dyspnea = difficulty breathing)

peri-

around (pericardium = around the heart)

intra-

within (intravenous = within a vein)

inter-

between

endo-

inside

exo-

outside

poly-

many (polyuria = excessive urination)

anti-

against (antibiotic)

pre-

before

post-

after (postoperative = after surgery)

-itis

inflammation (arthritis = joint inflammation)

-ectomy

surgical removal (appendectomy)

-otomy

cutting into (tracheotomy)

-ostomy

creating an opening (colostomy)

-plasty

surgical repair (rhinoplasty)

-scopy

looking into with a scope (endoscopy)

-emia

blood condition (anemia)

-pathy

disease (neuropathy)

-algia

pain (neuralgia)

-megaly

enlargement (cardiomegaly)

cardi/o

heart

pulmon/o

lung

gastr/o

stomach

hepat/o

liver

nephr/o

kidney

neur/o

nerve

derm/o

skin

oste/o

bone

hemat/o

blood

cephal/o

head

Plural of diagnosis

diagnoses (-is becomes -es)

Plural of bacterium

bacteria (-um becomes -a)

Plural of bronchus

bronchi (-us becomes -i)

Plural of vertebra

vertebrae (-a becomes -ae)

Integumentary system

Skin, hair, and nails; protects the body and regulates temperature

Skeletal system

Supports the body, protects organs, makes blood cells; 206 bones in an adult

Muscular system

Movement; three types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Cardiovascular system

Heart and blood vessels; moves blood through the body

Respiratory system

Nose, trachea, lungs; brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Digestive system

Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine)

Nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates the body

Endocrine system

Glands that make hormones (the pancreas makes insulin)

Urinary system

Kidneys and bladder; filters blood and removes waste

Lymphatic/immune system

Fights infection

Layers of the skin

Epidermis (outer), dermis (middle), hypodermis (deepest)

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Carry blood back to the heart

Capillaries

Tiny vessels where exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste happens

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange happens

Anatomical position

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward

Superior

Toward the head

Inferior

Toward the feet

Anterior (ventral)

Front

Posterior (dorsal)

Back

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment

Superficial

Near the surface

Deep

Far from the surface

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into front and back

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides the body into top and bottom

Thoracic cavity

Holds the heart and lungs

Diaphragm

Muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

RLQ

Right lower quadrant of the abdomen (contains the appendix)

RUQ

Right upper quadrant of the abdomen (contains most of the liver)

Homeostasis

The body's ability to keep a stable internal environment

Levels of organization

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Supine

Lying face up

Prone

Lying face down

Fowler's position

Sitting up with the head of the bed raised

Normal adult temperature

About 98.6 F (37 C)

Normal adult pulse

60 to 100 beats per minute

Normal adult respirations

12 to 20 breaths per minute

Normal adult blood pressure

Under 120/80 mmHg

Normal oxygen saturation

95% or higher

Systolic pressure

Pressure when the heart contracts (top number)

Diastolic pressure

Pressure when the heart rests between beats (bottom number)

1 L

1,000 mL

1 g

1,000 mg

1 kg

About 2.2 lb

1 inch

2.54 cm

1 tsp

About 5 mL

1 tbsp

15 mL

Convert F to C

C = (F - 32) x 5/9

1500 in military time

3:00 PM

0000 in military time

Midnight

BP

Blood pressure

HR

Heart rate

RR

Respiratory rate

ECG / EKG

Electrocardiogram (heart rhythm test)

IV

Intravenous (into a vein)

NPO

Nothing by mouth

PRN

As needed