APUSH Period 4

a 1803 land deal in which the United States acquired approximately 828,000 square miles of territory west of the Mississippi River from France for $15 million.

The Louisiana Purchase

Embarked on a series of ventures, one of which threatened to break up the Union and another of which resulted in the death of Alexander Hamilton after he shot him during a duel.

Aaron Burr

Their expedition led to greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region, stronger U.S. claims to the Oregon Territory, better relations with American Indians, and more accurate maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers.

Lewis and Clark

Appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court during the final months of the presidency of John Adams. He held his post for 34 years, during which time he exerted as strong an influence on the Supreme Court as Washington had exerted on the presidency.

John Marshall

The power of courts to examine actions by the legislative, executive, and administrative branches of government and declare them null and void if they violate the constitution.

Judicial Review

A landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review—the power of federal courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison

U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that Congress has implied powers under the Constitution to create a national bank, and that states cannot tax federal instruments.

McCulloch v. Maryland

A landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that a state cannot unilaterally alter the charter of a private corporation.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution grants Congress exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce, including navigation and steamboat traffic.

Gibbons v. Ogden

a period in American history marked by a sense of national purpose, a surge in patriotism following the War of 1812, and a brief period of one-party rule by the Democratic-Republican Party

The Era of Good Feelings

was the 5th U.S. President (1817–1825), the last of the Virginia Dynasty, and the leader associated with the "Era of Good Feelings" and the Monroe Doctrine

James Monroe

was an influential American statesman, Kentucky Senator, Speaker of the House, and Secretary of State who is remembered in AP U.S. History (APUSH) as a leader of the War Hawks, the creator of the American System, and the "Great Compromiser" (or "Great Pacificator") for brokering major sectional deals over slavery and tariffs

Henry Clay

was an early 19th-century economic plan proposed by statesman Henry Clay that consisted of protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

American System

a national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 for a 20-year term to stabilize the post–War of 1812 economy, manage federal funds, and regulate state-chartered banks

Second Bank of the U.S.

the first major, widespread financial crisis and economic depression in United States history

The Panic of 1819

a federal law passed in 1820 that settled a bitter congressional dispute over the western expansion of slavery by maintaining the balance of power between free and slave states

Missouri Compromise

an American statesman, Vice President, and South Carolina Senator who became the leading antebellum defender of states' rights, nullification, and slavery as a "positive good"

John C. Calhoun

a series of secret meetings held by New England Federalists in Hartford, Connecticut, from December 15, 1814, to January 5, 1815, during the War of 1812

Hartford Convention

attempted to unite all of the tribes east of the Mississippi River

Tecumseh and Prophet (Shawnee brothers)

9th President of the United States (1841) and a Whig leader whose presidency is most famous for being the shortest in U.S. history

William Henry Harrison

a clash in the Indiana Territory between U.S. forces under Governor William Henry Harrison and a pan-Indian confederacy led by the Shawnee spiritual leader Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet"), brother of Tecumseh.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Muslim privateers and corsairs operating from the North African Barbary States (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli) who seized Mediterranean merchant ships, stole cargo, and enslaved or ransomed crews

Barbary Pirates

British practice of capturing U.S. sailors who it claimed were British citizens to serve in the British navy.

Impressment

1807 naval engagement off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, where the British warship HMS Leopard attacked and boarded the American frigate USS Chesapeake to search for Royal Navy deserters

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

law passed by Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson that banned all American ships from sailing to foreign ports and cut off export trade with the rest of the world.

Embargo Act

His presidency was dominated by the same European problems that had plagued Jefferson’s second term.

James Madison

a federal law that lifted the total U.S. shipping embargo and reopened global trade with all nations except Great Britain and France

Nonintercourse Act of 1809

a military conflict between the United States and Great Britain triggered by British interference with American shipping, the forced impressment of U.S. sailors, and British support for Native American resistance on the western frontier

War of 1812

(7th U.S. President, 1829–1837) symbolizes the transition from elite-led politics to mass democracy for white men, the rise of the modern Democratic Party, and the aggressive expansion of executive power.

Andrew Jackson

the final major engagement of the War of 1812, fought on January 8, 1815

Battle of New Orleans

the peace agreement signed on December 24, 1814, in Ghent, Belgium, that officially ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain.

Treaty of Ghent

was a 1823 U.S. foreign policy declaration by President James Monroe (largely written by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams) that closed the Western Hemisphere to future European colonization and declared that the U.S. would not interfere in European wars

Monroe Doctrine

was an American lawyer and poet who wrote the lyrics to "The Star-Spangled Banner" during the War of 1812.

Francis Scott Key

The completion of this in New York State in 1825 was a major event in linking the economies of western farms and eastern cities.

Erie Canal

A paved highway and major route to the west extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois.

The National Road/Cumberland

Could travel upriver at speeds of almost five miles per hour.

Robert Fulton’s steam boats

Even more rapid and reliable links between cities became possible with the building of this

Railroads

Transmitted messages along wires almost instantaneously, invented by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1844.

Telegraph

Developed the cotton gin.

Eli Whitney

Identical components that can be assembled to make a final product.

Interchangeable parts

a method of manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution that centralized machinery, raw materials, and workers under a single roof to produce goods faster, cheaper, and in large quantities

Factory System

Due to factory owners having difficulty finding workers for their mills, these mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, recruited young farm women and housed them in company dormitories, and other factories began imitating this system.

Textile Mills; Lowell System

A device for separating cotton fiber from the seeds.

Cotton gin

the fundamental transformation of the United States economy from local, subsistence-based farming and artisan handcrafting into a national, commercial, and interconnected capitalist system

Market Revolution

All White males could vote regardless of their social class or religion.

Universal White Male Suffrage

Party politicians and voters would gather in a large meeting hall to nominate the party’s candidates.

Party Nominating Conventions

A closed-door meeting of a political party’s leaders in Congress.

“King Caucus”

The first to hold a nominating election.

Anti-Masonic Party

Had to be conducted on a national scale. To organize these campaigns, candidates needed large political parties.

Popular election of President

Reached out to groups of people who previously had shown little interest in politics.

Workingmen’s Party

Candidates for office directed their campaigns to the interests and prejudices of the common people.

Popular campaigning

Practice of dispensing government jobs in return for party loyalty.

Spoils system

Forced the resettlement of many thousands of American Indians.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

the Cherokees challenged Georgia in courts, the Supreme Court ruled that Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in federal court.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

the high court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within Cherokee territory.

Worcester v. Georgia

In 1838, after Jackson had left office, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia. The hardships caused the death of 4,000 Cherokees.

Trail of Tears

This bank and its branches, although privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and downs of the national economy.

Bank of the United States

Jackson withdrew all federal funds from the Bank of the United States and transferred the funds to various state banks known as?

Pet banks

Just as he took office, the country suffered a financial panic as one ban after another closed its doors. This was a result of Jackson’s previous presidency.

Martin Van Buren

Served under President James Monroe and engineered major foreign policy achievements, including the Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) which acquired Florida from Spain, and writing the bulk of the Monroe Doctrine

John Quincy Adams

He was a whig and a prominent U.S. Congressman and Senator from Kentucky, a leader of the War Hawks, and a central figure in antebellum American politics known as the "Great Compromiser" (or "Great Pacificator")

Henry Clay

When President Adams appointed Clay his secretary of State, angry Jackson supporters accused Adams and Clay of making a..

“corrupt bargain”

Jackson’s reputation as a war hero and man of the western frontier accounted for his victory more than the positions he took on issues of the day. This allowed him to win reelection.

Revolution of 1828

A strong leader, he not only dominated politics for eight years but also became a symbol of the emerging working class and middle class (the so-called common man).

Andrew Jackson

Peggy Timberlake, a woman of a lower social class background, married Jackson's close friend and Secretary of War, John Henry Eaton. The marriage happened only months after her first husband died at sea, fueling rumors that the two had been having an extramarital affair. Jackson strongly defended Peggy. His own late wife, Rachel Jackson, had died just before his inauguration after being relentlessly slandered as an adulteress during the ugly Election of 1828. Jackson viewed the attack on Peggy as a cruel, elite conspiracy orchestrated by his political enemies

Peggy Eaton affair

the political theory and constitutional argument that individual state governments hold reserved powers and sovereignty that the federal government cannot overrule or infringe upon. Jackson favored this but not disunion.

States’ rights

a 1832–1833 sectional standoff between South Carolina and the federal government over protective tariffs

Nullification Crisis

Due to the Peggy Eaton Affair and Jackson trying to force the cabinet wives to accept Peggy Eaton socially, most of the cabinet resigned. This led to the resignation of Jackson’s vice president,,?

John C. Calhoun

The brief one-party system that had characterized Monroe’s presidency (the Era of Good Feelings) had given way to a… under Jackson.

Two-party system

Supporters of Jackson

Democrats

Supporters of Henry Clay

Whigs

was the Whig Party's political strategy during the 1840 U.S. presidential election to portray their candidate, William Henry Harrison, as a humble "man of the people"

Log cabin and hard cider campaign

The idea of withdrawing from conventional society to create an ideal community.

Utopia

19th-century American religious reformer, utopian socialist, and founder of the Oneida Community in New York

John Noyes