Bio Vocab: Carbs, Lipids, & Proteins

Covalent bond

sharing of electrons between atoms

Condensation reaction

joins two molecules together, releasing water

Hydrolysis reaction

splits a molecule apart by adding water

Monosaccharide

single sugar unit

Disaccharide

two monosaccharides joined together

Polysaccharide

Many monosaccharides joined in a chain

Glucose

the main sugar used in cellular respiration

Fructose

sugar found in fruit

Galactose

sugar found in milk

Deoxyribose

pentose sugar in DNA

Ribose

pentose sugar in RNA

Maltose

glucose + glucose

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

Lactose

glucose + galactose

Starch

energy storage in plants

Glycogen

energy storage in animals

Cellulose

structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls

Triglyceride

lipid made of glycerol plus three fatty acids

Ester bond

bond formed between glycerol and a fatty acid, releasing water

Saturated fatty acid

fatty acid with no double bonds between carbons

Unsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid with one or more double bonds

Monounsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid with exactly one double bond

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid with two or more double bonds

Cis

hydrogens on the same side of a double bond, causing a bend

Trans

hydrogens on opposite sides of a double bond, chain stays straight

Amino acid

monomer of proteins with an amine group, carboxyl group and R group

Peptide bond

bond joining two amino acids

Polypeptide chain

chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Alpha helix

coiled spiral secondary structure held by hydrogen bonds

Beta pleated sheet

folded sheet secondary structure held by hydrogen bonds

Fibrous

long strand-like protein with structural roles

Globular

rounded compact protein, usually soluble

Conjugated

protein with a non-protein part attached

Non-conjugated

protein made only of amino acids

Primary structure

the sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure

folding into alpha helices or beta sheets

Tertiary structure

overall 3D shape of one polypeptide

Quaternary structure

multiple polypeptide chains joined together

Denaturation

permanent loss of a protein's 3D shape so it stops working