Rock Cycle: Fossils, Gneiss & Basalt

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46 Terms

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compaction

A step in lithification; pressure due to the settling of other materials forcing sediment closer together

<p>A step in lithification; pressure due to the settling of other materials forcing sediment closer together</p>
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cementation

a step in lithification; as heat and pressure increase the sediments can change chemically, this allows sediments to be "locked" or "glued" together into a solid rock

<p>a step in lithification; as heat and pressure increase the sediments can change chemically, this allows sediments to be "locked" or "glued" together into a solid rock</p>
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mineral

naturally occurring substance, with definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure

<p>naturally occurring substance, with definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure</p>
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erosion

the transport of fragments of rock by water, wind, ice, or gravity

<p>the transport of fragments of rock by water, wind, ice, or gravity</p>
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lava

molten rock that has erupted onto Earth's surface

<p>molten rock that has erupted onto Earth's surface</p>
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magma

molten rock below Earth's surface

<p>molten rock below Earth's surface</p>
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rock cycle

a continuous series of processes through which rock is transformed from one type to another.

<p>a continuous series of processes through which rock is transformed from one type to another.</p>
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slate

A type of Metamorphic rock that was once shale rock formed by heat and pressure.

<p>A type of Metamorphic rock that was once shale rock formed by heat and pressure.</p>
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shale

A sedimentary rock formed by the deposition of successive layers of clay.

<p>A sedimentary rock formed by the deposition of successive layers of clay.</p>
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coal

Interesting rock composed of the remains of plants that lived in tropical swamps millions of years ago. Can be lower quality (sedimentary) or be acted upon by heat and pressure (metamorphic).

<p>Interesting rock composed of the remains of plants that lived in tropical swamps millions of years ago. Can be lower quality (sedimentary) or be acted upon by heat and pressure (metamorphic).</p>
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igneous rock

rock that forms as molten rock cools

<p>rock that forms as molten rock cools</p>
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metamorphic rock

rock that forms as heat and pressure cause changes to an existing rock

<p>rock that forms as heat and pressure cause changes to an existing rock</p>
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sedimentary rock

This rock type forms as loose materials called sediments become cemented together. Usually, these rocks have layers.

<p>This rock type forms as loose materials called sediments become cemented together. Usually, these rocks have layers.</p>
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uplift

Rocks that have been buried are exposed at Earth's surface because forces inside the Earth pushing them to the surface.

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sediments

little pieces of weathered rock, plant remains, and animal remains

<p>little pieces of weathered rock, plant remains, and animal remains</p>
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heat and pressure

These two forces work together to transform rocks deep inside Earth's crust.

<p>These two forces work together to transform rocks deep inside Earth's crust.</p>
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weathering

This is the breaking down of rocks. It can be caused by wind, rain, ice, or gravity.

<p>This is the breaking down of rocks. It can be caused by wind, rain, ice, or gravity.</p>
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wind

This causes the most erosion in dry areas that get little rainfall.

<p>This causes the most erosion in dry areas that get little rainfall.</p>
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cooling

This is the process that forms igneous rock.

<p>This is the process that forms igneous rock.</p>
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gneiss

This is a coarse-grained, foliated metamorphic rock. It usually contains the minrals feldspar, quartz, and mica.

<p>This is a coarse-grained, foliated metamorphic rock. It usually contains the minrals feldspar, quartz, and mica.</p>
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granite

This is a very hard, crystalline, intrusive igneous rock. It is made mostly of quartz, mica, and feldspar. It is often used in counter tops and building materials.

<p>This is a very hard, crystalline, intrusive igneous rock. It is made mostly of quartz, mica, and feldspar. It is often used in counter tops and building materials.</p>
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basalt

This is a dark, porous, volcanic rock. Most of the ocean floor is made of this rock.

<p>This is a dark, porous, volcanic rock. Most of the ocean floor is made of this rock.</p>
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sandstone

This is a sedimentary rock consisting of sand grains cemented together, typically red, yellow, tan, or brown in color.

<p>This is a sedimentary rock consisting of sand grains cemented together, typically red, yellow, tan, or brown in color.</p>
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limestone

This is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of seashells and calcium carbonate. It is used to make cement.

<p>This is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of seashells and calcium carbonate. It is used to make cement.</p>
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marble

This is a hard metamorphic rock formed from limestone, typically white in color. It is used in sculpture and architecture.

<p>This is a hard metamorphic rock formed from limestone, typically white in color. It is used in sculpture and architecture.</p>
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intrusive igneous rock

This igneous rock formed underground as magma cools slowly. Because it cools slowly, the crystals inside the rock grow very large.

<p>This igneous rock formed underground as magma cools slowly. Because it cools slowly, the crystals inside the rock grow very large.</p>
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extrusive igneous rock

This igneous rock forms as erupted lava cools quickly on Earth's surface. Because it cools so quickly, these rocks have very, very tiny crystals.

<p>This igneous rock forms as erupted lava cools quickly on Earth's surface. Because it cools so quickly, these rocks have very, very tiny crystals.</p>
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fossils

This is the remains or impression of an ancient organism. These are only found in sedimentary rock (not igneous or metamorphic).

<p>This is the remains or impression of an ancient organism. These are only found in sedimentary rock (not igneous or metamorphic).</p>
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strata

Most sedimentary rocks form in layers known as ________.

<p>Most sedimentary rocks form in layers known as ________.</p>
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quartz

found in most rocks, this is the most common mineral in Earth's crust. It forms as lava or magma cools.

<p>found in most rocks, this is the most common mineral in Earth's crust. It forms as lava or magma cools.</p>
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texture

how a rock looks and feels; determined by grain size, rate of cooling and composition

<p>how a rock looks and feels; determined by grain size, rate of cooling and composition</p>
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coarse grain

slower rate of cooling causes this; Larger crystalline grains

<p>slower rate of cooling causes this; Larger crystalline grains</p>
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fine grain

faster rate of cooling causes this; smaller crystalline grains

<p>faster rate of cooling causes this; smaller crystalline grains</p>
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porphyry

mixture of fine and coarse grain

<p>mixture of fine and coarse grain</p>
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glassy

crystal unable to form; Rapid rate of cooling prevents crystals from forming

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pumice

a type of igneous rock in which bubbles formed inside the rock due to a extremely rapid rate of cooling which traps gases inside

<p>a type of igneous rock in which bubbles formed inside the rock due to a extremely rapid rate of cooling which traps gases inside</p>
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clastic sedimentary rock

a classification of sedimentary rock; most common; formed from deposits of loose material

<p>a classification of sedimentary rock; most common; formed from deposits of loose material</p>
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chemical sedimentary rock

A classification of sedimentary rock; formed when water evaporates leaving minerals behind

<p>A classification of sedimentary rock; formed when water evaporates leaving minerals behind</p>
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organic sedimentary rock

a classification of sedimentary rock; formed from the remains of once living things

<p>a classification of sedimentary rock; formed from the remains of once living things</p>
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deposition

occurs when sediments settle on the ground or a body of water

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lithification

process which turns sediment into sedimentary rock; compaction and cementation

<p>process which turns sediment into sedimentary rock; compaction and cementation</p>
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contact metamorphism

when hot magma moves into a chunk of rock, heats it up, and hardens again; results in large scale mineral changes with little deformation

<p>when hot magma moves into a chunk of rock, heats it up, and hardens again; results in large scale mineral changes with little deformation</p>
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regional metamorphism

when a whole region (area) of rock are put under extreme pressure and heat

<p>when a whole region (area) of rock are put under extreme pressure and heat</p>
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foliated

a classification of a metamorphic rock that has visible layers or bands

<p>a classification of a metamorphic rock that has visible layers or bands</p>
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nonfoliated

a classification of a metamorphic rock that does not have visible layers or bands

<p>a classification of a metamorphic rock that does not have visible layers or bands</p>
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obsidian

dark, glasslike volcanic rock formed by the rapid solidification of lava without crystallization