Anatomy

Anatomy

The study of body structures and where they are located.

Physiology

The study of how body parts function/work.

Levels of Organization

The hierarchy from smallest to largest: Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.

Dorsal Cavity

Located toward the back/posterior side, containing the cranial and vertebral cavities.

Ventral Cavity

Located toward the front/anterior side, includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Survival Needs

5 basic needs: Water, Food, Oxygen, Normal body temperature, Atmospheric pressure.

Anatomical Position

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet facing forward.

Superior

Above or toward the head.

Inferior

Below or toward the feet.

Anterior

Toward the front.

Posterior

Toward the back.

Medial

Toward the body's midline.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Proximal

Closer to the point where a limb attaches to the body.

Distal

Farther from the point where a limb attaches.

Superficial

Toward the surface.

Deep

Farther inside the body.

Abdominal Regions

9 regions: Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac, Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar, Right iliac, Hypogastric, Left iliac.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right portions.

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into top and bottom portions.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, stores genetic information found in the cell's nucleus.

DNA Base Pairing

A pairs with T, C pairs with G.

Gene Expression

Process: DNA → mRNA → Protein; involves Transcription and Translation.

Mitosis

Cell division producing 2 genetically identical cells for growth, repair, and replacement.

Meiosis

Cell division producing 4 genetically different cells for reproduction.

Passive Transport

Movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration without ATP.

Active Transport

Movement of substances from low concentration to high concentration requiring ATP.

Endocytosis

Process where the cell brings substances in by forming a vesicle.

Exocytosis

Process where the cell sends substances out by fusing a vesicle with the cell membrane.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers and lines surfaces, includes skin and organ linings.

Connective Tissue

Supports, connects, and protects; examples include bone, blood, fat.

Muscle Tissue

Produces movement.

Nervous Tissue

Sends electrical signals and communicates.

Nucleus

Contains DNA and controls cell activities.

Ribosomes

Make proteins.

Mitochondria

Produce ATP/usable energy.

Cell membrane

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like material inside the cell.

Vacuole

Stores materials such as water and food.

Lysosome

Breaks down waste and cellular materials.

Endocrine System

Contains glands that produce and release hormones to regulate body functions.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment despite changes outside the body.

Negative Feedback

Reverses/counteracts the original change, common in the body.

Positive Feedback

Amplifies/increases the original change.

Stimulus

A change that needs to be detected in homeostasis processes.

Receptor

Detects change.

Control Center

Receives information and decides what to do.

Effector

Carries out the response.