Speech Sound Disorders

1. Structural deficits

2. Sensory impairments

3. Neurological impairments - result in a motor speech disorder

Organic SSDs have known causes, such as…

Cleft lip/palate, dental malocclusions

List 2 examples of a structural deficit

hearing loss

List an example of a sensory impairment

Dysarthria, apraxia of speech

List 2 examples of neurological impairments

cleft lip or cleft palate

Birth abnormalities of the mouth and/or lip.

1. Genetic - run in families

2. Environmental - Teratogens that affect fetal development (drugs, substance abuse, environmental pollutants, maternal infections and diseases)

   
   

Cleft lip/palate etiology includes…

Week 5-6

During pregnancy, three prominences appear that will become the face, once fused together.

week 7

Stage of pregnancy when the Lip and gum ridge should close

Week 10-12

By what time should the hard palate, soft palate, and uvula close during pregnancy?

False: early

True or false: clefts occur late in pregnancy, as the lip and mouth do not fuse together as they should.

Cleft palate

Expose the nasal cavity to the oral cavity, either partially or completely.

Unilateral incomplete

Identify the cleft lip

Unilateral complete

Identify the cleft lip

Bilateral incomplete

Identify the cleft lip

Bilateral complete

Identify the cleft lip

under the skin

submucosal meaning

6-18 months

Cleft palate repairs are usually done between __________

• Psychosocial problems

• Feeding difficulties

• Dental problems

• Ear infections and hearing loss

• Speech and language disorders

Problems associated with cleft lip and palate

It is difficult to produce high pressure consonants (stops, fricatives, affricates)

How is articulation affected by a cleft lip or palate

glottal stops and pharyngeal fricatives

For people with a cleft lip or palate they usually substitute high pressure consonants with ___________and ________

• Underbite

• Overbite

• Openbite

Examples of dental malocclusions

Dysarthria

A type of motor speech disorder where there are weak muscles in mouth, face, respiratory system

Apraxia

NO muscle weakness or paralysis, difficulty planning and coordinating movements for speech

Childhood Apraxia of Speech

What does CAS stand for - type of motor speech disorder

Case History Interview/Questionnaire

Oral Mechanism Screening

Hearing Screening

Language Evaluation

Speech Assessment

Assessment of Speech Sound Disorders is comprehensive and may include:

phonemes

Speech sounds in a language are called__________which affect meaning in language

symbols, letters

Phonemes are represented with _______ and are different than ________.

slash marks

When sounds or strings of sounds are written, they are placed between ________

brackets

When speech is transcribed, it is written between ________.

Allophone

Variations of phonemes that do not affect meaning (within a given language), such as in English /l/ in “lamp” vs /l/ in “told” or /p/ in “pin” vs /p/ in “spin”

• “b” sound

• “d” sound

• “th” sound

• “r” sound

• “ew” sound

/b/ = ______ /d/ = ______/θ/ = ______ /ɹ/ = _______ /u/ = ______

through

Identify the following word based on its phonemes: /θɹu/

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Uses symbols to represent all of the sounds in all of the world’s languages

44, 26

Standard American English uses about ______ phonemes (but has ____ letters)


Letters

______ are written representations of sounds.

False

True or false: phonemes always correspond to letters.

1. Place of production

2. Manner of production

3. Voicing

Consonants are described by three parameters

vowels

Open vocal tract (a, e, I, o, u) —> lips, tongue to teeth don’t touch

consonants

Some level of restriction to the vocal tract (“th” “p” “b”)

place

_____ refers to where the sound is produced

1. Bilabial

2. Labiodental

3. Interdental (aka linguadental)

4. Alveolar

5. Palatal

6. Velar

7. Glottal

List the different places where sound is produced

Bilabial

_______ sounds are produced with both lips

/p/, /b/, /m/ 

What three sounds are bilabial? 

Labiodental 

sounds produced with the upper teeth and lower lip.

/f/ and /v/ 

List examples of labiodental sounds

Interdental aka linguadental

Sounds produced with the tongue between the teeth

/ð/ voiced “th” and /θ/ voiceless “th”  

List examples of interdental sounds

Alveolar

Sounds produced with tongue-tip elevation at the alveolar ridge

• /t/

• /d/

• /s/

• /z/

• /n/

• /L/

Examples of alveolar sounds

palatal 

Sounds produced in the region of the hard palate

• /ʃ/ = sh like in “fish”

• /ʒ/ = zh like “measure”

• /tʃ/ = ch like “chew”

• /dʒ/ = j like “edge”

• /j/ = y like “yellow”

• /ɹ/ = r like “red”

Examples of palatal sounds

Velar

Sounds produced in the velum or soft palate

• /k/

• /g/ = go

• /ŋ/ = like in “ring” “king”

Examples of velar sounds 

Glottal

Sounds produced at the level of the glottis

• /h/ = hop

• /ʔ/ = “uh-oh”

  
  

Examples of glottal sounds

manner

______ refers to how the sound is produced

• Stop

• Fricative

• Affricate

• Nasal

• Liquid

• Glide

List the different manners for speech

stops

Produced with complete obstruction of the vocal tract

• /p/

• /b/

• /t/

• /d/

• /k/

• /g/

List examples of stops 

fricatives

Produced with some constriction of the vocal tract

• /f/

• /v/

• /ð/

• /θ/

• /s/

• /z/

• /ʃ/

• /ʒ/

• /h/

List examples of fricatives

Affricates

A stop and a fricative

• /tʃ/ = ch “church” or “cherry”

• /dʒ/ = “judge” “fudge”

Examples of affricates

Nasals

Produced with the velopharyngeal port open (i.e. velum down)

• /m/

• /n/

• /ŋ/

Example of nasal sounds

liquids

Produced with a somewhat open vocal tract

/l/ and /ɹ/

Examples of liquids

glides

Produced with a gliding movement of the tongue from a more closed to a more open position

• /w/

• /j/ —> like y in “yellow”

Examples of glides

voicing

Whether or not the vocal folds vibrate

Voiceless

_____ sounds are produced without vocal fold vibration

• /p/

• /t/

• /k/

• /ʔ/

• /f/

• /θ/

• /s/

• /ʃ/

• /h/

• /tʃ/

Examples of voiceless sounds

• /b/

• /d/

• /g/

• /v/

• /ð/

• /z/

• /ʒ/

• /dʒ/

• /m/

• /n/

• /ŋ/

• /L/

• /ɹ/

• /w/

• /i/

  
  

Examples of voiced sounds

1. Tongue height - high, mid, low

2. Tongue advancement - front, central, back 

3. Roundness - rounded, neutral, unrounded

4. Tension

Vowels are described by four features

• /i/

• /I/

• /u/

• /ʊ/

Vowels with high tongue height

• /e/

• /ɛ/

• /ɝ/

• /ɚ/

• /ə/

  
  

Vowels with mid tongue height

• /æ/

• /ʌ/

• /ɔ/

Vowels with low tongue height

Front vowels

Produced with the tongue in the front of the mouth

Central vowels 

Produced with the tongue in the central part of the mouth

Back vowels

Produced with the tongue in the back of the mouth

tense, lax

Vowels are classified as being _____ or _____

tense vowels

Vowels produced with greater muscle activity, longer in duration, and occur in stressed syllables

Lax vowels

Vowels produced without muscular tension, are shorter in duration, and occur in unstressed syllables.

Speech sound disorder

An impairment of an individual’s sound system that affects speech sound production

• be significant

• differ from age-based expectations

• differ from culturally based expectation

The problem in speech sound production must…

articulation, phonological impairments

Functional disorders include…

• Structural deficits

• Sensory impairments

• Neurological impairments

Organic disorders include…

Articulation impairment

Involves problems making sounds aka “phonetic impairment” 

phonological impairment

Involves patterns of sound errors aka “phonemic impairment”

• Distortions 

• Substitutions

• Omissions

examples of articulation impairments 

• Unstressed syllable deletion

• Final consonant deletion

• Consonant harmony 

• Reduplication

• Fronting

• Cluster reduction

• Stopping 

Examples of phonological impairments 

Unstressed syllable deletion

When the unstressed syllable in a word is omitted

Final consonant deletion

When the final consonant of a word is omitted

Consonant harmony 

One consonant in a word takes on features of another consonant

reduplication

When the first syllable in a word is repeated

Fronting

When back sounds are replaced with front sounds

cluster reduction 

When two or more consonants that occur together are reduced to a single consonant

stopping

When fricatives and affricates are replaced with stops