American Policing: Roles, Corruption, Training, and Use of Force

What time period is referred to as contemporary policing?

1970s to 1990s

What significant report was published in 1972 regarding the NYPD?

The Knapp Commission report

What percentage of officers were found to be engaged in corruption according to the Knapp Commission?

Half of the officers

What are 'grass-eaters' in the context of police corruption?

Officers who passively participate in corruption.

What are 'meat-eaters' in the context of police corruption?

Officers who actively seek corrupt opportunities.

What is the primary mission of most police agencies?

To enhance quality of life and maintain respect for law and community.

What is the typical public reaction to police presence?

Apprehension

What percentage of their time do patrol officers spend on activities other than traditional law enforcement?

80%

What is the role of state and local law enforcement agencies?

To provide a variety of services to communities.

Which department houses various federal law enforcement agencies?

Department of Homeland Security

What is a common requirement for becoming a police officer?

A high school diploma, with some agencies requiring 2-4 year degrees.

What types of tests are commonly required for police applicants?

Written tests, physical fitness tests, oral exams, polygraphs, character investigations, medical screenings, and psychological evaluations.

What is the purpose of police discretion?

To allow officers the latitude to make decisions on arrests and other actions.

What are the three primary roles of police officers?

Law enforcement, order maintenance, and service.

What is a common issue related to police corruption?

Acceptance of gratuities.

What is the average employment term for police chiefs?

3 to 5 years

What are some motivations for individuals to become police officers?

Desire for security, opportunity to help people, and excitement of the work.

What are some negative effects of policing on officers?

High stress levels, PTSD, high blood pressure, alcoholism, and divorce.

What is the guideline for the degree of force an officer may use during an arrest?

The continuum of force.

What is the goal of using force by police officers?

To ensure suspect compliance with an appropriate and proportional response.

How many civilians are estimated to be killed by police annually?

Approximately 1,000.

What percentage of fatal police shootings involved armed individuals?

Most fatal shootings.

What demographic percentage of fatal police shootings were white?

47%

What percentage of individuals shot by police were unarmed?

7%