kine 404 practice quizzes

Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic is known as a(n):

Determinant

A methodology used to provide quantitative measurements of risk to health is known as a:

Risk Assessment

Which stage takes place during the early phases of pathogenesis and includes activities to identify and limit the progression of disease?

Secondary Prevention

All of the following are true of Hippocrates' contribution to Epidemiology as a discipline, except:

Hypothesized that locality was not associated with health

All of the following are characteristics of the basic ethical principle "beneficence" except:

fair societal contribution

Illness due to a specific disease or health condition is known as:

Morbidity

A population is defined as all of the inhabitants of a given country or area considered together.

True

Epidemiology is concerned with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations.

True

It impossible for a single case of a disease to represent an epidemic.

False

Informed consent, is also refereed to as respect for persons and/or the capability and capacity to make informed decisions.

True

The number of live births during a specified period such as a year per the resident population during the midpoint of the year is the:

Crude Birth Rate

What is one of the first steps in presenting data after they have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness?

Count and tabulate cases

The number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons who are afflicted with the disease is known as:

Case Fatality Rate

Random assignment of subjects to study groups helps to control for:

Bias due to Confounding

Which of the following measures helps to make comparisons across age groups?

Age-specific Rates

Incidence and prevalence are not interrelated concepts.

False

Birth statistics include statistics on both live births and fetal deaths.

True

The number of doctor visits is an example of a continuous variable.

False

A parameter is a measurable attribute of a population.

True

In a ratio, the numerator and denominator do not necessarily have a specific relationship.

True

Which of the following sources could be used for determining life expectancy?

National Vital Statistics System

All except which of the following are considered vital events?

Graduation

Monitoring cancer trends in the U.S. population over time is a major application of:

registries

For both males and females, what type of cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality?

Lung and bronchus cancer

Differences in the occurrence of diseases and adverse health conditions in the population are known as:

health disparities

The major deficiency of reportable and notifiable data for epidemiologic research purposes is the possible incompleteness of population coverage.

True

Birth statistics include statistics on both live births and child deaths up to 2 years of age.

False

Case reports are accounts of a single occurrence of a noteworthy health-related incident.

True

Cross-sectional studies measure relationships between diseases and other variables at multiple points in time.

False

One objective of descriptive epidemiology is to evaluate trends in health and disease in order to monitor known diseases and identify emerging problems.

True

A type of causality that can involve more than one factor is known as:

All of these: Multiple, Multifactorial, Multiple Exposures, Multivariate

For which of the following criteria do epidemiologists need to observe the cause before the effect?

Temporality

For which of the following criteria do epidemiologists need to observer data that does not contradict known historical and biological knowledge?

Coherence

A variable is any quantity that varies or any attribute, phenomenon, or event that can have different values.

True

Some examples of deterministic models can be derived from physics.

True

A risk ratio of 85% was found between infection of a virus and subsequent development of a particular morbidity, this would be an example of one criterion of casuality.

True

Power refers to the assertion that the observed association is not likely to have occurred as a result of chance.

False

Theory of spontaneous generation postulated that simple life forms could arise spontaneously from living materials.

False

An erroneous inference that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily reflect the association at an individual level is known as an:

Ecologic Fallacy

With respect to derivation of hypotheses, a situation in which all of the factors in two or more domains are the same except for a single factor is known as:

Method of difference

Ecologic studies use the group as the unit of analysis rather than the individual.

True

Analytic epidemiologic studies focus on causal associations between exposures and outcomes.

True

Screening tests need to demonstrate moderate reliability and consistent validity.

False

Analytic studies can be either observational or experimental.

True

The phenomenon of over diagnosis may result in unwarranted medical testing and procedure.

True

Selective screening is likely to result in the greatest yield of true cases.

True

An erroneous inference that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily reflect the association at an individual level is known as an:

Ecologic Fallacy

The ability of a test to identify only nondiseased individuals who actually do not have the disease refers to the test’s:

specificity

A definitive diagnosis that has been determined by biopsy, surgery, autopsy, or other methods and has been accepted as the standard is known as:

gold standard

Random assignment of subjects to study groups helps to control for:

Biases Due to Confounding

A reservoir can be human beings, animals, insects, soils, and/or plants.

True

Measles is an example of a zoonotic disease.

False

A physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and may be a factor in disease causation is:

Stress

An anxiety disorder that some people develop after seeing or living through an event that caused or threatened serious harm or death is known as:

Posttraumatic stress disorder

The choice of behavioral factors that affect how we live is known as:

Lifestyle

Determination of the incubation period for a disease outbreak helps to:

Identify possible infectious agents

The first case of a disease to come to the attention of authorities is the:

Index case

The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals is known as:

An infection

An animate, living insect or animal that is involved with the transmission of disease agents is a:

Vector

In developed countries, infectious diseases have replaced chronic health problems as the leading killers during the past century.

False

Global warming is a controversial topic that refers to the gradual decrease in the earth’s temperature over time.

False

Certain genes can be markers for susceptibility but do not confer risk on their own.

True

Molecular epidemiology uses molecular markers in addition to genes to establish exposure-disease relationships.

True

All of the following are examples of diseases known or believed to have a genetic basis EXCEPT:

Chlamydia

A strength of exposure assessment is that high-quality data on exposures are often unavailable.

False

Laws and regulations are developed as methods of policy implementation.

True

A plan, or course of action, as of a government, political party, or business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters is known as:

a policy

A group of persons working on behalf of or strongly supporting a particular cause, such as an item of legislation, an industry, or a special segment of society, is known as:

an interest group

Although a measure that is invalid can be reliable, it is possible for a measure that is unreliable to be valid.

False

The first phase of the policy cycle is regarded as the most crucial phase of the policy development process.

True