autism

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

A neurological and developmental disorder that begins in early childhood and lasts throughout a person's life.

Why is Autism Spectrum Disorder referred to as a 'spectrum' disorder?

Because individuals with ASD can have a range of symptoms that vary in intensity and type.

What are the three major areas of difficulty associated with ASD?

Impaired communication, impaired social interactions, and restricted behavior, interests, and activities.

What is echolalia in the context of ASD?

The repetition of the speech and intonation of others, often seen in individuals with autism.

How has the classification of Asperger's Syndrome changed with the DSM-5?

Asperger's Syndrome has been folded into Autism Spectrum Disorder and is now diagnosed based on levels of functional impairment.

What percentage of individuals with autism never acquire speech at all?

About 1/3 of individuals with autism.

What is theory of mind?

The ability to understand that other people have mental states, such as beliefs, desires, intentions, and feelings.

What is 'stimming' in relation to autism?

Repetitive behaviors engaged in by individuals with autism, often related to sensory self-stimulation.

What is the estimated prevalence of ASD in the general population?

Approximately 1 in 66 people.

Explain the term 'mirror neuron system' and its relevance to ASD.

Mirror neurons fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe that action, and are thought to provide a basis for social cognition.

What environmental factors are thought to contribute to the risk of developing ASD?

Maternal diet, folic acid status, smoking, exposure to drugs during pregnancy, maternal infection, and socioeconomic factors.

Why is the male-to-female ratio in ASD significant?

It suggests potential biological differences in susceptibility to ASD or differences in how ASD manifests in females.

What role does the gut microbiome play in ASD?

The gut microbiome can influence brain function and may be involved in behaviors and symptoms associated with autism.

What are some therapeutic approaches used for ASD?

Behavioral-based therapies such as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) that focus on play, social interaction, and communication initiation.

What does 'early brain overgrowth' refer to in ASD neurobiology?

Accelerated brain development early in life resulting in overall under-connectivity in the brain.

What is the Extreme Male Brain Theory in relation to ASD?

It posits that autism reflects an extreme form of normal male cognitive profiles, influenced by prenatal testosterone.

What is the connection between ASD and gastrointestinal disturbances?

Individuals with ASD often experience immune dysregulation and increased prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders.

What is significant about prenatal testosterone and autism?

Higher levels of prenatal testosterone are associated with traits such as reduced eye contact and impaired performance on mind-reading tasks.