social studies test ew ew ew kill it

mongolian steppe

origins of mongol geography

harshe climate, extreme seasonal weather, scarce natural resources

The Mongols created the ____

beginning of globalization

pastoral nomads (who were pastoral nomads and the definition)

Mongols were pastoral nomads. were also economically dependent on animals (the more u had → the more rich, horses)

def - lives centered around animals, following animals during migration, and taking care of them

composite bow (mongol empire)

lighter version of the bow and arrow

Temüjin

skilled leader (assembled troops, would get more followers), given the name Chingis Khan - great ruler, started expanding land through brutal conquests

yam system (mongol)

msg sent from one relay station to the next to pass msgs from different points of a vast empire

Pax Mongolica

peaceful time period, promoted interaction between ppl of diff. ethnicities, religions, & cultures

Black Death symptoms

abdominal pain, fever, chills, headaches, swollen lymph nodes

Black Death spreaded from..

east asia to europe

how did wealthy people avoid the Black death

wealthy ppl fled to countryside

new sanitation rules and regulations (black death)

increase focus on public health + sanitation, efforts to improve city cleanliness, quarantine (ships waited 40 days to sail)

medical and hospital knowledge during Black Death

attempts to improve medical care + establish better facilities, understanding of disease increased but prevention stayed rudimentary

gradual shift toward systematic approaches to medical care + growing interest in public health

Many turned from the Catholic church to one of 3 main things…

debauchery (doing wtv u want cuz YOLO), semi-monastic (trusting the heart), self punishment (ppl thought god was punishing them, so they punish themselves)

how afro-eurasian empires fell due to black death

mass death, famine, high prices → anger → ppl demand higher wages → protests → gov suppresses protest → gov loose popularity + revolts → regimes crumble + collapse

how afro-eurasia rebuilt after the bubonic plague

they began to reconstruct political orders and trading networks, Dynastic State Formation, and rulers used control and legimacy to win back confidence in themselves and their regimes

dynasty

hereditary ruling family

Osman I (the first)

promised ppl they could get rich off of conquests, fights w groups of ppl b4 betraying and conquering them, anyone he offered to join them were given the possibility of power, wealth, and glory (meritocracy)

Meritocracy

a system where people get power, status, or rewards based on their individual abilities and hard work

ghazis (ottoman)

fierce, frontier warriors by faith

bureaucracy

system of gov. in which pwr is divided among different department + officials

Sultan Mehmed II conquered ___ and renamed it ____ (ottoman)

conquered Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul

Ottoman empire was the first

Gunpowder empire

Dardanelles Canon

canon made by Ottoman empire

sultan (def)

“Shadow of God”

sultan held the title of (title and def)

caliph (leader of the Sunni branch of Islam)

often construct mosques + Islamic schools

Sultan Suleiman “Suleiman the Magnificent”

brought Ottoman Empire to its greatest extent, promoted poetry, uses taxes to pay for construction of buildings like mosques

Ottoman coffeehouses

used b4 ppl went into mosques for prayer, used by ppl to form public opinion, gov sent spies to hear opinion

Topkaki Palace

built by Mehmed II, primary residence and seat of government, training center for new bureaucrats

official language of ottoman empire

turkish

widely spoken language of ottoman empire

Arabic

How tolerant was the ottoman empire w religion and language

fairly religiously tolerant, tolerant in language

jizya (ottoman)

tax levied on “People of the Book” (christians and jewish ppl for ex…. all stemmed from Abraham)

devshirme

conscription of non muslim youth to become janissaries

janissaries

soldiers loyal only to sultan. could become grand vizier

safavid empie (mordern day ________)

iran

first Shah (safavid)

Shah Isma’il

Qizilbash

military aristocrats

main religion of Safavid empire

Shi’a/Shi’ite Islam

Shah Isma’il

claimed that God made him leader, had followers, first Shah of empire

ottomans and safavids

ottomans distrusted safavids + saw them as threat cuz of concerns that ppl would leave them to join safavids

Battle of Chaldiran

ottoman defeats safavids + damages Shah Isma’il’s reputation

Shah Abbas

stabilized the empire, boosted their economy, reformed their bureaucracy + society, reduced power of Qizilbash and tribal elites → Ghulams

Isfahan Maydan

• One of the largest open air public squares in the world

• Surrounded by shops, places of worship, and the headquarters of the government

trade industries under safavid empires royal control

persian china, persian silk, persian carpets

Twelver Shi’ism

divine right/”Shadow of God,” not religiously tolerant of other religions nor of religious fanatic

fall of Safavids

Abbas left no clear successors, leading to rivalries, disputes, and infighting, Ottomans and Mughals fight w Safavids, Decline in tax money from trading with Europe → damaged economy → no money