SB: the autonomic nervous system

cardiac muscle is innervated by the ________ nervous system

autonomic

in the figure, the arrow indicates the __________ neuron within an autonomic motor pathway.

preganglionic

list the effectors of the autonomic nervous system.

• cardiac muscle

• smooth muscle

• glands

preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system arise from specific areas of the CNS. match each CNS region with the type of preganglionic neurons that arise there.

lumbar spinal cord

sympathetic

preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system arise from specific areas of the CNS. match each CNS region with the type of preganglionic neurons that arise there.

sacral spinal cord

parasympathetic

the _________ division of the autonomic nervous system is considered the thoracolumbar division, based on the region of the spinal cord where its preganglionic neurons arise.

sympathetic or SNS

name the muscle type(s) that are innervated by the autonomic nervous system

• smooth muscle

• cardiac muscle

most sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with their postganglionic neurons within the _________ ganglia

paravertebral

autonomic motor control begins with a ___________________

preganglionic fiber with a cell body in the CNS

sympathetic preganglionic fibers that pass through the paravertebral ganglia to synapse in the collateral (prevertebral) ganglia form _________ nerves as they travel between these ganglia

splanchnic

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands are the ________ of the autonomic system

effectors

the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include ____________ and _______________

epinephrine; norepinephrine

preganglionic neurons of the ________ system originate in the brain and sacral spinal cord. the preganglionic neurons of the _________ system originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.

parasympathetic; sympathetic

the adrenal medulla is stimulated to release hormones by the ___________ branch of the nervous system

sympathetic

the sympathetic nervous system is the _________ division of the autonomic nervous system

thoracolumbar

the release of adrenal medullary hormones complements stimulation by ___________________ nerve fibers

sympathetic postganglionic

the paravertebral ganglia are the site of synapses between most pre- and postganglionic neurons of the ____________ division of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic, SNS, or thoracolumbar

the term “craniosacral division” describes the ____________ division of the autonomic nervous system

parasympathetic, PSNS, or PNS

splanchnic nerves are derived from preganglionic fibers that exit the spinal cord _______________

below the diaphragm

ganglia that are found next to or within the organ that is being innervated are called _________ ganglia

terminal

epinephrine is secreted from the ______________

adrenal medulla

while most postganglionic fibers of the _____________ nervous system travel in spinal nerves, most postganglionic fibers of the ______________ do not

sympathetic; parasympathetic

epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla in response to ________________

sympathetic system

match each innervated body part with the origin of the innervating sympathetic postganglionic fibers

upper extremities

lower cervical and upper thoracic ganglia

match each innervated body part with the origin of the innervating sympathetic postganglionic fibers

lower extremities

lumbar and upper sacral ganglia

match each innervated body part with the origin of the innervating sympathetic postganglionic fibers

head and neck

cervical ganglia

match each innervated body part with the origin of the innervating sympathetic postganglionic fibers

upper abdominal viscera

celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia

the adrenal medullary hormones cause the same effects in the body as the neurotransmitter ____________

norepinephrine

unlike parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that run in other cranial nerves, those in the vagus nerve synapse at ____________________

terminal ganglia within target organs

the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is also classified as the ___________ division

craniosacral

most autonomic neurons release acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. name the type of neuron that releases norepinephrine instead of ACh

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

terminal ganglia are associated with the ___________ division of the autonomic nervous system

parasympathetic

the result of adrenergic stimulation varies: adrenergic stimulation of smooth muscles of bronchioles results in a(n) ___________ effect while adrenergic stimulation of the heart results in a(n) ____________ effect

inhibitory; excitatory

true or false: of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, only parasympathetic fibers travel in spinal nerves.

false

parasympathetic fibers do not travel through spinal nerves, while sympathetic fibers do

list examples of cholinergic neurons.

• parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

• all somatic motor neurons

• sympathetic preganglionic neurons

• parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

match each innervated body part with the origin of the innervating sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

eyes

cervical ganglia

match each innervated body part with the origin of the innervating sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

heart and lungs

upper thoracic ganglia

match each innervated body part with the origin of the innervating sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

urinary and reproductive systems

celiac and inferior mesenteric ganglia

true or false: all postganglionic neurons release either norepinephrine or acetylcholine

false

fibers called nonadrenergic, noncholinergic fibers release neurotransmitters such as nitric oxide

the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the __________ nerve synapse at terminal ganglia within the innervated organ

vagus

many visceral organs receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. these organs are described as having ____________ innervation

dual, opposing, or reciprocal

indicate the predominant neurotransmitter released by each type of neuron

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

acetylcholine

indicate the predominant neurotransmitter released by each type of neuron

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

norepinephrine

list several structures that are innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system, thus lacking dual innervation

• arrector pili muscles

• adrenal medulla

• sweat glands

tissue responses to sympathetic adrenergic stimulation _____________

can be stimulatory or inhibitory

name the brain stem area that directly regulates motor output for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

medulla oblongata

cholinergic neurons include all preganglionic neurons as well as postganglionic neurons of the ___________ division

parasympathetic

nitric oxide can be a neurotransmitter for __________ fibers

nonadrenergic noncholinergic

dual innervation refers to both ____________ and __________ fibers controlling the visceral organs

sympathetic; parasympathetic

the adrenal medulla, sweat glands of the skin, and most blood vessels are innervated only by the ____________ system

sympathetic

the ___________ of the brain stem directly regulates autonomic fiber activity

medulla oblongata