Learn: Microbiology Module 6

Naming

Species name

1) Transmission mechanism

2) Diagnostics

- gram status

-shape

- motility

3) Clinical manifestations

G- rods

Enterobacteriaceae, usually the normal part of the GUT flora: humans and animals

Proteus mirabilis

1) Normal flora; survives in nutrient deficient environments

2) Peritrichous

3) CAUTIS- catheter associated urinary tract infections

Salmonella typhi

1) Fecal-oral

2) Peritrichous (flagelli)

3) Typhoid fever: fever, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly and rose spots

Shigella dysenteriae

1) Fecal-oral

2) Non-motile

3) Bloody diarrhea with mucus and pus

- toxin produces

- shiga enterotoxin: inactive ribosomes

- kills intestinal cells

Klebsiella pneumoniae

1) normal flora, soil, water, fecal-oral

2) Non-motive

3) Pneumonia w/ bloody sputum

- nosocomial UTI; CAUTIs

Escherischia coli

1) Fecal-oral

2) Peritrichous

3) Diarrhea; CAUTIs

- produce verotoxin (enterotoxin): also inhibits ribosomes -> kills intestinal cells

Other non-Enterobacteriaceae

related to the ENTIRE tract

Vibrio cholerae

1) Fecal-oral

2) Short comma shapes monotrichous

3) Cholera

- deadly diarrhea (rice water diarrhea)

- vomiting

Zoonoses

infectious animal diseases that can be naturally transmitted -> humans

- most common human pathogens

Campylbacter jejuni

(most common disease in the world)

1) Zoonotic: wild & domesticated animals, poultry

- animal poop

- Fecal-oral (once in human body)

2) Curbed monotrichous bacteria

3) Secretory or bloody diarrhea

- enterotoxin: similar to choleragen (not as bad)

Hemophilus influenzae

1) Aerosol droplets

2) Non-motile (inside human body)

3) Meningitis: inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

- pneumonia

Bordetella pertussis

1) Aersol droplets: highly contagious

2) Non-motile

3) Whooping cough; aka Pertussis

- pertussis toxin

- takes 10 days to show signs

Legionella pneumophilia

1) Ingestion: found in steams, warm-water pipes and cooling towers

-breathing in moist air

2) Monotrichous

3) Legionaires' disease:

- pneumonia, fever and cough

Pontiac fever

- flu-like symptoms, headaches and fevers

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

1) opportunistic pathogens; found in soil, water and nosocomial

2) Lophotrichous

3) Wound infections and CAUTIs

Yersinia pestis

1) Flea bites

- zoonotic in rodents

2) coccobacillus; non-motile

3) Bubonic plague (black death): flu like symptoms, death in less than 2 weeks

G- Spirochetes

Sprial and are able to penetrate much deeper in joints and tissues

Treponema pallidum

1) STD

2) thick rigid spirals

3) syphilis: primary -> tertiary stage: skin ulcer -> gummas (granulomas)

Borrelia burgdorferi

1) Tick bites

- zoonotic in some mice and deer

2) Loosely coiled

3) Lyme disease: fever/headache, joint pain -> mental problems

- may get targets like rash

G- obligate intracellular parasites

found INSIDE cells

Chlamydia trachomatis

1) STD

2) Coccobacillus, non-motile (transferred directly)

- no peptidoglycan

- form an elementary body: infective

3) Trachoma and urethritis

Neisseria meningitis

1) Saliva: coughing, sneezing, kissing and chewing on toys

2) Diplococcus, non-motile

3) Meningitis: fever, stiff neck, vomiting and lethargy; septicemia = fever, hypotension

- caused by endotoxins

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

1) STD

2) Diplococcus, non-motile

3) Gonorrhea: endotoxin

- inflammation

- can spread to newborns = blindness (congenital)

G+ Bacteria

- phylum Firmicutes (low guanine and cytosine in genome)

- phylum Actinobacteria (high guanine and cytosine in genome)

Clostridium tefani

1) soil; enters via wounds

2) tennis racket shape

3) Tetanus: painful muscular spasm -> respiratory failure

- Neurotoxin- tetanospasmin

C. botulinum

1) soil -> smoked fish, canned food and honey

2) rod, peritrichous flagella

3) Botulism: severe

- paralytic disease

- Neurotoxin- botulinum

C. perfringens

1) soil, food (ex. unwashed vegetables), meat; normal flora

2) rod, no flagella

3) produces alpha toxin

- can produce food poisoning -> diarrhea

- gaseous gangrene

- crepitus- crunchy potato bag gas bubble

C. difficile

1) Fecal-oral (nosocomial)

2) Rod, peritrichous flagella

3) Infectious diarrhea: enterotoxins

- leaving as veg. form

Bacillus anthracis

1) zoonotic (cutaneous, inhaled, ingested)

2) Non-motile

3) Anthrax (pneumonia, blood infection, death)

- Anthrax toxin- causes damage, veg. bacteria -> deeper

- can be weaponized

Bacillus cereus

1) soil, food, and rice

2) Peritrichous flagella

3) Food poisoning (known as "fried rice syndrome")

- enterotoxin

Staphylococcus aureus

1) Normal flora (skin, gut, etc.)

2) grapelike clusters

3) Wound infections -> sepsis

- toxins -> gastroenteritis (toxic shock syndrome)

Streptococcus pyogenes

pyo = pus

1) Normal skin flora; respiratory droplets

2) chain, non-mobile

3) strep throat

- toxic shock syndrome

- scarlet fever

Streptococcus pneumoniae

1) normal flora; respiratory droplets

2) chain, non-mobile

3) Pneumonia and meningitis (brain/skull inflammation)

Streptococcus mutans

1) Normal flora in oral cavity

2) chain, non-mobile

3) Dental carries

- from mother

Listeria monocytogenes

why we have pasteurization

1) dairy (raw), raw meats and animal poop

2) rod, peritrichous

3) Listeriosis: food poisoning, sepsis, central nervous system infection

- could cause an abortion

Myobacterium tuberculosis

1) zoonotic, aerosol droplets

2) non-motile, pleomorphic: slightly curved/ straight rods

- intracellular

- mycolic acid

3) Tuberculosis: chronic lung infection

Myobacterium leprae

1) UNKNOWN

2) non-motile, pleomorphic

3) Leprosy: skin lesions -> loss of bones, extremities

Toxins

Chemicals produced by microbes, plants and some animals: poisonous to other organisms

Virulence

Microbe's ability to infect or damage host

- disease causing

Toxinosis

Disease caused by bacterial toxin

- no bacteria infection

- bacteria are dead; already produced toxin

Exotoxin

secreted by living bacteria

- Enterotoxin

- Neurotoxin

Enterotoxin

targets gut

Neurotoxin

targets nervous system

Endotoxin (the bad)

not secreted, instead they shed from the G- outer membrane

- LPS (lipopolysaccharides)

Can lead to: severe inflammation, fever, malaise, aches, shock and death

Endotoxin (the good)

exposure can correctly refine human immunity

Hygiene hypothesis

lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents and endotoxins can lead to...increased susceptibility to allergic diseases

ex. air in dairies

Epidemic typhus

louse aka lice

fever, headache, rash and confusion

doxycycline