Lesson 7: Graphic and Systematic Presentations of Info & Errors (prt 5)

One of the more difficult yet important tasks of any quality management program is:

turning the data collected from the monitoring process into information that can be used to troubleshoot and improve the production process.

Data alone have no particular ____ value

interpretive

If data is placed within the context of other data points or material, they can become extremely useful in the ______.

decision-making process

These 2 graphsare now being drawn in three-dimensional, multicolored, topographical schematic figures that can incorporate and demonstrate the relationships between numerous factors on a single graph.

Bar and Circle

The future of the graphical presentation of data is limited only by the _____ of the analyst.

imagination

The first task of any evaluation plan is to:

arrange and present the data in a manner that facilitates further analysis.

“The first task of any evaluation plan is to arrange and present the data in a manner that facilitates further analysis.”

This procedure (lowst→highest, chronologically) is referred to as the:

orderly array of data

The “orderly array of data", is part of

Data collection plan

The “orderly array of data", is accomplished by plotting the ______ on a chart/graph as the test is performed.

QC data

Once the data have been arrayed in an orderly manner, the results can be presented in an:

informative format

This have been around a long time and form the base of most quality assessment and management pro- grams.

Deming’s “seven old methods”

The three most basic methods of presenting information are used to illustrate the comparative size of different components or factors.

BASIC STATISTICAL GRAPHS

The three most basic methods of presenting information:

1. Circle

2. Line

3. Bar

circular figures with areas marked off, shaded, or sketched according to the percentage of each component, compared to the whole.

Circle/Pie charts

Graph that is helpful in presenting comparative interpopulation and intrapopulation factors.

Bar graphs

This graph may range from showing the makeup of a population to comparing different populations with a key indicator or measurement.

Bar graphs

The point of this graph is to present the information in the manner that best demonstrates and clarifies the information being detailed and that assists the users in their evaluation.

Bar graph

A graph that is particularly useful for plotting and tracking data over a period of time.

Line graph

A graph that is very adaptable for displaying historical data.

Line graph

uses of line graphs in the laboratory:

• Control values

• Instrument parameters

• Workload volume

• Blood bank refrigerator temperature monitoring

the patterns may be quite revealing about areas that need attention and require improvement, especially trends or deterioration in reagent or instrument performance.

Line graph

Histograms, ___ gaps

No

Frequency Polygons, ____ gaps

With

Histograms & Frequency Polygen illustrate the features of the bell-shaped:

Gaussian distribution curve

This graph uses a bar graph format to show the relative size or frequency of each “class interval.”

Histogram

A class interval is the:

statistical term for each part of the population.

A very familiar line graph that give the frequency distribution its descriptive name, “bell curve.”

Frequency Polygons

In both a histogram and a frequency polygon, a relative frequency scale represents the:

Vertical axis

In both a histogram and a frequency polygon, the values of the variable being studied represents the:

Horizontal axis

The values for each class interval are then plotted on the graph using the ____ of the bars on the histogram to show the relative size and ___ connected by a line for a frequency polygon.

heights; dots

If the distribution of the population follows a _____ pattern, the classic bell shape appears.

normal

The 7 OLD METHODS of demings are:

• Charts

• Diagrams

• Boards

This borrows the techniques and symbols of logic flow charts used by management information systems specialists to chart and analyze the specific process of information flow.

Quality Management

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

They serve the same purpose in quality management programs by identifying and describing the exact sequence of work tasks and checking out ways for improvement by modeling alternative work routes.

FLOW CHARTS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

Usually seen in government agencies where they show the step-by-step process of the entire thing that they are going to do.

FLOW CHARTS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

Are quite familiar to laboratorians

CONTROL CHARTS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

one of the best examples of CONTROL CHARTS

Levey-Jennings chart

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

used to plot control measurements against standards used to identify whether a process is in or out of control.

CONTROL CHARTS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

This is assigned to a bar chart that is designed to illustrate the classical:

PARETO CHARTS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

According to this concept, if the problems are matched with their causes and plotted on a bar graph, the area In which managers should devote the majority of their attention and energy become readily apparent.

PARETO CHARTS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

This diagram have several other names, including “Ishikawa diagrams,” after Kaoru Ishikawa, who introduced this tool, and “fishbone diagrams,” because of their appearance.

CAUSE-AND-EFFECT DIAGRAMS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

This is used to identify the possible causes or contributing factors of problems or quality defects.

CAUSE-AND-EFFECT DIAGRAMS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

The problem is placed at the “head” of the diagram, with possible causes branching out of the backbone, in the work flow direction.

CAUSE-AND-EFFECT DIAGRAMS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

a line graph used to display data over a period of time

RUN CHARTS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

also called trend charts

RUN CHARTS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

These may be used in the laboratory in a variety of ways:

• tracking missed phlebotomies or redraws

• data entry errors

• number of tests that have to be rerun

RUN CHARTS

Run charts are also called trend charts, as they are designed to show:

patterns of performance

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

The charts can be as:

• general (shift, section, department)

• specific (individual, instrument, aM collection)
  
  
  

RUN CHARTS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

This method is used to show the relationship between one variable and another.

SCATTER DIAGRAMS

SCATTER DIAGRAM is prepared with the concentration of the drug on the:

Vertical axis

SCATTER DIAGRAM is prepared after administration as the:

horizontal base

A big advantage of a scatter diagram is that all _______, not just the summary statistical indexes, are plotted on the grap.

data points

Example of a scatter diagram

Flow cytometry (hematology analyzer)

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

Refer to the technique of using a pictorial sequence on a flip chart or other visual aid to “tell the story” of a quality management project.

STORY BOARDS

SEVEN OLD METHODS:

The presentation may be very:

• elaborate, containing many of the previously discussed methods to illustrate how the investigators conducted the study

• simple outline of each stage of theprojectT

STORY BOARDS

3 SPECIALIZED LABORATORY DATA EVALUATION METHODS

1. LEVEY-JENNINGS CHART

2. YOUDEN PLOT

3. MULTIRULE ANALYSIS

A SPECIALIZED LABORATORY DATA EVALUATIONMETHOD:

are control charts used to plot quality control values against previously set limits to determine if a procedure is in or out of control.

LEVEY-JENNINGS CHART

A SPECIALIZED LABORATORY DATA EVALUATIONMETHOD:

can be described as Gaussian distribution curves turned on the side with lines extended from the mean (X) and each SD (+1, 2, or 3 SD) level.

LEVEY-JENNINGS CHART

A SPECIALIZED LABORATORY DATA EVALUATIONMETHOD:

used to demonstrate and compare the performance of a laboratory on paired samples with other laboratories using common control lots or survey material.

YOUDEN PLOT

A SPECIALIZED LABORATORY DATA EVALUATIONMETHOD:

use the mean and SDs from all participants to prepare a chart on which each laboratory's results can be marked to show its performance in relationship to the whole group.

YOUDEN PLOT

Youden plots are divided into __ areas with a 45-degree line drawn from the X-Y intercept separating the graph into ___ halves.

4; 2

Depending on the location of a laboratory's results on the Youden plot, the degree of ______ may be inferred.

• accuracy

• precision

• type of error

Youden plots are now frequently being ________ with other graphical or numeric displays.

discontinued/replaced

Youden plots are now frequently being discontinued or replaced with other graphical or numeric displays because?

the voluminous amount of computer paper it takes to print out a plot for each analyte and the expense associated with mailing this bulky material.

a technique that has replaced Youden Plots:

Instrument Performance Matrix

Instrument Performance Matrix is used by?

Coulter Hematology Reports

Instrument Performance Matrix is used by Coulter Hematology Reports for its:

interlaboratory quality assurance program

A SPECIALIZED LABORATORY DATA EVALUATIONMETHOD:

commonly referred to in the laboratory as the “Westgard rules.”

MULTIRULE ANALYSIS

The six rules proposed by _____ for accepting or rejecting a control run are based on the expected Gaussian distribution of sample values.

Westgard and Barry

Implementing a multirule program involves _______ about the degree of error that the laboratory finds acceptable when making decisions about the possibility of correctly accepting or rejecting a control run.

management choices

What is/are designed to detect or warn of an impending error or malfunction that may either halt the reporting of results until the problem is corrected or signal the need for preventive maintenance.

Westgard rules and Logic diagram

A violation when it lies outside ±2 SD.

1₂s Rule Violation

An error type: Warning Rule

1₂s Rule Violation

A violation: One control measurement exceeds ± 3SD.

1₃s Rule

An error type: Random Error

R₄s Rule

A Violation: Two consecutive control measurements exceed ± 2SD on the same side of the mean.

2₂s Rule

Error types: 3 Systematic Errors

• 2₂s Rule

• 4₁s Rule

• 10x̄ Rule

A Violation: Within-run difference between control measurements exceeds 4SD (one is +2SD and another is -2SD).

R₄s Rule

A Violation: Four consecutive control measurements exceed ± 1SD on the same side.

4₁s Rule

A Violation: Ten consecutive control measurements fall on the same side of the mean.

10x̄ Rule

What rule can have either a Random/Systematic error

1₃s Rule

When rules are violated they are rejected, except for 1 which should be inspected?

1₂s Rule