Spanish 2 & 3: Verbs and Grammar Review

Vocabulary and grammar review cards covering Spanish regular verbs, stem-changing verbs, reflexive pronouns, present progressive endings, and preterite versus imperfect usage and conjugations.

Abrir

To open.

Asistir

To attend.

Dormir

To sleep.

Decidir

To decide.

Elegir

To choose.

Escribir

To write.

Introducir

To introduce.

Recibir

To receive.

Pedir

To ask for.

Subir

To go up.

Sufrir

To suffer.

Vivir

To live.

Aprender

To turn (learn).

Beber

To drink.

Comer

To eat.

Comprender

To understand.

Correr

To run.

Deber

To owe.

Esconder

To hide.

Entender

To understand.

Leer

To read.

Prometer

To promise.

Responder

To respond.

Vender

To sell.

Ayudar

To help.

Bajar

To go down.

Borrar

To erase.

Buscar

To look for.

Caminar

To walk.

Cantar

To sing.

Comprar

To buy.

Contestar

To answer.

Cultivar

To cultivate.

Dejar

To leave.

Desear

To want.

Enseñar

To teach.

Entrar

To enter.

Escuchar

To listen.

Esperar

To wait for / hope.

Estudiar

To study.

Explicar

To explain.

Ganar

To win / earn.

Gritar

To scream.

Hablar

To speak.

Hallar

To find.

Invitar

To invite.

Limitar

To limit.

Llenar

To fill.

Llevar

To wear.

Mirar

To watch.

Necesitar

To need.

Pagar

To pay.

Pasar

To pass.

Patinar

To skate.

Preguntar

To ask a question.

Preparar

To prepare.

Quitar

To remove.

Regresar

To return.

Tocar

To play an instrument.

Tomar

To take.

Trabajar

To work.

Usar

To use.

Viajar

To travel.

Visitar

To visit.

Present Tense -AR Endings

The verb endings used for -ar verbs in the present tense: yo: -o, tú: -as, él/ella/usted: -a, nosotros: -amos, vosotros: -ais, ellos/ellas/ustedes: -an.

Present Tense -ER/-IR Endings

The verb endings used for -er and -ir verbs in the present tense: yo: -o, tú: -es, él/ella/usted: -e, nosotros: -imos, vosotros: -eis, ellos/ellas/ustedes: -en.

Stem Changing Verbs ('Boot' Verbs)

Verbs in the present tense whose stem vowel changes; the three types are e -> ie, o -> ue, and e -> i.

Subjects that Do Not Stem Change

The two subject forms that do NOT undergo stem changes in boot verbs: nosotros and vosotros.

Conjugation of Pedir (Present Tense)

The present-tense forms of the e -> i stem-changing verb pedir (to ask for): yo pido, tú pides, él/ella/usted pide, nosotros pedimos, vosotros pedís, ellos/ellas/ustedes piden.

Reflexive Verbs

Verbs characterized by having the two letters 'se' attached to the end of their infinitive form.

Reflexive Pronouns

Pronouns that correspond to each subject: yo: me (myself), tú: te (yourself), él/ella/usted: se (him/herself), nosotros: nos (ourselves), vosotros: os (yourselves), ellos/ellas/ustedes: se (themselves).

Present Progressive Participles

The '-ing' verb endings added to stems: -ando for -ar verbs, and -iendo for -er/-ir verbs.

Preterite Tense -AR Endings

The endings for -ar verbs in the preterite past tense: yo: -é, tú: -aste, él/ella/usted: -ó, nosotros: -amos, vosotros: -asteis, ellos/ellas/ustedes: -aron.

Preterite Tense -ER/-IR Endings

The endings for -er and -ir verbs in the preterite past tense: yo: -í, tú: -iste, él/ella/usted: -ió, nosotros: -imos, vosotros: -isteis, ellos/ellas/ustedes: -ieron.

Imperfect Tense -AR Endings

The endings for -ar verbs in the imperfect past tense: yo: -aba, tú: -abas, él/ella/usted: -aba, nosotros: -abamos, vosotros: -abais, ellos/ellas/ustedes: -aban.

Imperfect Tense -ER/-IR Endings

The endings for -er and -ir verbs in the imperfect past tense: yo: -ia, tú: -ias, él/ella/usted: -ia, nosotros: -iamos, vosotros: -iais, ellos/ellas/ustedes: -ian.

Irregular Verbs in the Imperfect

The three verbs that are irregular in the imperfect tense: ser (era), ir (iba), and ver (veia).

Uses of the Preterite Tense

Situations requiring the preterite: a single event, an action at a specific time or date, actions in a sequence or chain of events, and the beginning or end of an action.

Uses of the Imperfect Tense

Situations requiring the imperfect: actions that were habits or repeated actions, actions that give info (-ing verbs), time/date, and mental and emotional state.