Ch. 8 The Blood and Lymphatic Systems—Hematology and Immunology

blood

• provides energy

• carries signals

• removes waste

lymphatic system

• repairs injuries

• fight infection

3 types of cells found in blood

• erythrocytes (red blood cells)

  • bring oxygen to all cells of the body

• leukocytes (white blood cells)

  • fight infection

• thrombocytes (platelets)

  • patch broken blood vessels

Proteins dissolved in the blood

immunoglobulins

Clot formation: Coagul/o

means coagulation

• anticoagulant - drug that prevents clotting

• coagulopathy - disease in blood clotting (not clotting)

Clot formation: thromb/o

means clot

• thrombocyte - blood cell that forms clots (platelet)

• thrombosis - condition of clotting

• thrombolytic - drug that breaks down existing clot

hem/o, hemat/o

means blood

• hemolysis - rupture of red blood cells

• hematology - study of blood

• hemostatic - drug that stops flow of blood

cyt/o

means cell

• erythrocyte - red blood cell

• thrombocytosis - condition of large/increase in the number of platelets

leuk/o

means white

• leukocytes - white blood cells

• leukemia - increase in number of white blood cells

phleb/o, ven/o

means vein

• phlebotomy - incision into a vein

• venospasm - constriction of a vein

Functions of lymphatic system

• collects fluid from body tissues

• collect fluid flows into lymphatic vessels - empties into veins

  • immunity

  • cleaning

• includes: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, a spleen, and a thymus

lymph/o

means lymph

• lymphadenitis - inflammation of a lymph gland (swelling)

• lymphoma - tumor

• lymphadenectomy - removal of lymph node

myel/o

means bone marrow

• myelitis - inflammation

• myelodysplasia - disease; poor production of blood cells by the bone marrow

• myeloma - tumor

-emia

means blood

• anemia - lack of blood

• leukemia - increased number of white blood cells

tonsill/o

means tonsil (lymphatic tissue)

• tonsillitis - inflammation

• tonsillectomy - removal

splen/o

means spleen

• splenomegaly - enlargement

• splenectomy - removal

thym/o

means thymus

• thymoma - tumor

• thymectomy - removal

• thymopathy - disease

immun/o

means immune system

• immunology - study of

• immunoglobulin - protein that participates in immune function

-penia

means deficiency

• cytopenia - deficiency of cells

Disorders of hematological system

• low erythrocytes - pale and tired (anemia = reduced oxygen in the blood)

• low platelets - bruising or red spots; bleed easily (clot blood)

• low leukocytes - infection (help fight infection)

Disorders of lymphatic system

• swollen lymph nodes

  • common site for cancer

• swelling in extremities (occurs in lymphatic vessels)

Anemia

condition of red blood cells; reduced erythrocytes

• symptoms: weakness and fatigue

ecchymosis

condition of clotting

• large bruise

hematoma

condition of clotting

• mass of blood within an organ, cavity, or tissue

hemophilia

condition of clotting

• where the blood does not clot, causing excessive bleeding

hemorrhage

condition of clotting

• excessive blood loss

petechia

condition of clotting

• small bruise

reperfusion injury

injury to tissue that occurs after blood flow is restored

Lymphadenopathy

condition of lymph system

• disease of lymph gland (node); visibly swollen (seen in the neck)

• sore lymph nodes

lymphedema

condition of lymph system

• swelling caused by abnormal accumulation of lymph, usually in the extremities

  • in arms and or legs

splenalgia, spelnodynia

conditions of spleen

• pain in the spleen

CBC

Complete blood count

• lab counts number of cells in measured volume of blood

• uses microscope or a machine

too few cells =

-penia

• leukopenia

• thrombocytopenia

too many cells =

-cytosis

• leukocytosis - condition of large number of white blood cells

Blood cells are evaluated by

• number of cells in a measured volume of blood

• size and shape

Size of cells

• macrocytosis - condition of large red blood cells

• microcytosis - condition of small red blood cells

shape of cells

• elliptocyte - ellipse/oval shaped red blood cell

• spherocyte - circular shapped red blood cell

lymphangiogram

record of lymph vessels

CT scan

shows most other lymphatic system issues

erythrocytosis

condition of red blood cells (erythrocyte) count

• too many erythrocytes

oligocythemia

condition of red blood cells (erythrocyte) count

• too few erythrocytes (RBCs)

Conditions of red blood cell size

• anisocytosis - great inequality in the size of RBCs (variety of different sizes)

• macrocytosis - large RBCs

• microcytosis - small RBCs

• normocyte - normal sized RBC

Condition of abnormal red blood cell shape

• elliptocyte - oval shaped RBC

• elliptocytosis - condition of oval shaped RBC

• poikilocytosis - conditon of many shaped RBCs

• spherocyte - spherical shaped RBC

embolism

condition related to clotting

• blockage in a blood vessel caused by an embolus (piece of thrombus/blood clot)

embolus

condition related to clotting

• mass of matter in the blood - piece of thrombus

thromboembolism

condition related to clotting

• condition of having a clot that traveled to another location

thrombogenic

condition related to clotting

• capable of creating a clot

thrombosis

condition related to clotting

• formation of a blood clot

thrombus

blood clot

Conditions of white blood cells (leukocytes)

• leukocytosis - condition of large number of WBCs

• leukopenia - condition of too few WBC

• neutropenia - condition of too few neutrophils (type of WBC)

• phagocytosis - process in which phagocytes (type of WBC) destroy foreign microorganisms or cell debris

hematopoiesis

condition associated with blood cell life span

• formation of blood cells

Hemolysis

condition associated with blood cell life span

• premature destruction of RBCs

Myelopoiesis

condition associated with blood cell life span

• formation of red bone marrow

Reticulocyte

condition associated with blood cell life span

• immature RBC

pancytopenia

condition of all blood cells

• reduction in the number of all blood cells

polycythemia

condition of all blood cells

• condition of increased number of all blood cells

asplenia

no spleen or no spleen function

hepatosplenomegaly

enlarged spleen and liver

splenectopy*

displaced spleen (floating spleen)

splenolysis

breakdown of splenic tissue

splenomalacia

softening of the spleen

splenoptosis

drooping spleen (spleen has moved down)

thymic hyperplasia

overdevelopment of the thymus

antibody

substance produced by the body in response to an antigen

antigen

substance that will cause the production of an antibody

hemoglobin

iron containing pigment in the RBCs that carries oxygen to the cells

immunoglobulin

protein that provides protection (immunity) against disease

perfusion

circulation of blood through tissue

hyperfusion

inadequate flow of blood

lymphangiogram

x-ray of the lymphatic vessels

lymphangiography

procedure to study the lymph vessels

hematocrit

determines ratio of RBCs to total blood volume

phlebotomy

incision in the vein

sphygmomanometer

device that measure blood pressure

types of anemias

• asplastic - deficiency in RBCs due to insufficient quantities formation

• iron deficiency - due to low iron intake

• hemolytic - deficiency in RBCs due to prematurely destruction

too many RBC (less commonly) - makes blood thicker and difficult to flow

septicemia

abnormal condition of the blood

• bacterial infection of the blood

• presence of disease causing microorganism in the blood

hyperlipidemia

abnormal condition of the blood

• too much fat in the blood

excess bilirubin in blood

abnormal condition of the blood

• causes skin to appear yellow

osteomyelitis

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

spherocytosis

type of RBC disorder

• RBCs assume a spherical shape

deep vein thrombosis

type of blood disorder

• formation of a clot within a deep vein (usually the leg)

hypercoagulability

type of blood disorder

• condition in which blood had increased ability to clot

ischemia

type of blood disorder

• blockage of blood flow to an organ

autoimmune disease

condition in which the body’s immune system attacks itself

immunocompromised

immune system incapable of responding normally and completely

immunodeficiency

immune system with decreased or compromised response to disease-causing organisms

immunosuppression

reduction in activity of the body’s immune system

phlebarteriectasia

blood vessel disorder/condition

• dilation of blood vessels (arteries and veins)

thrombophlebitis

blood vessel disorder/condition

• inflammation of a vein caused by a blood clot

hypervolemia

increased blood volume

hypovolemia

decreased blood volume

leukemia

cancer of blood or bone marrow

bilirubinemia

abnormal level of a substance in the blood

• condition of bilirubin (byproduct of RBC breakdown) in the blood

hyperbilirubinemia

increased levels of bilirubin in the blood

hypercholesterolemia

elevated cholesterol in the blood

uremia

presence of urine (urea) in the blood

hepatosplenitis

inflammation of the liver and spleen

hypersplenism

increased spleen activity

splenorrhexis

rupture of the spleen

lymphangiectasia

abnormal dilation of the lymph vessel