[MICROPARA LEC FINALS] TO1 PT.1

Taxonomy

What is the science of classifying organisms?

Systematics or Phylogeny

What term refers to the study of the evolutionary history of organisms?

All Species Inventory

What project was intended to identify all species of life on Earth?

Prokaryote

What term describes cells whose nucleoplasm is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane?

Three-Domain System

What classification system divides organisms into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya?

Bacteria

Which domain includes Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria, and Thermotoga?

Archaea

Which domain includes methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles?

Eukarya

Which domain includes fungi, animals, plants, amoebae, ciliates, and other eukaryotic groups?

Universal Ancestor

What term identifies the common ancestral origin shown at the base of the three-domain diagram?

not peptidoglycan

What distinguishes the Archaea cell wall from the bacterial cell wall in the three-domain comparison?

Peptidoglycan

What major cell-wall component is characteristic of Bacteria?

branched fa + glycerol + ether

What type of membrane lipid structure is characteristic of Archaea?

straight fa + ester

What type of membrane lipid structure is characteristic of Bacteria and Eukarya?

Ether Linkage

What type of linkage connects branched carbon chains to glycerol in Archaea?

Ester Linkage

What type of linkage connects straight carbon chains to glycerol in Bacteria and Eukarya?

Formylmethionine

What is the first amino acid in protein synthesis for Bacteria?

Methionine

What is the first amino acid in protein synthesis for Archaea and Eukarya?

prokaryotic

Which domain in the three-domain comparison is listed as having antibiotic sensitivity?

Endosymbiotic Theory

What theory explains the evolutionary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from bacterial lineages?

Cyanobacteria

Which bacterial group is associated with the evolutionary origin of chloroplasts?

Mitochondrion

Which organelle is associated with a bacterial lineage in the endosymbiotic diagram?

Chloroplast

Which organelle is associated with cyanobacteria in the endosymbiotic diagram?

Prokaryotic Cell

What cell type has circular DNA, no histones, 70S ribosomes, and binary fission?

Eukaryotic Cell

What cell type has linear DNA, histones, 80S ribosomes, and mitosis?

Eukaryotes

Which organelles have circular DNA, no histones, 70S ribosomes, and binary fission despite being inside eukaryotic cells?

Scientific Binomial

What two-part naming system is used for the scientific name of an organism?

Genus

Which part of a scientific name is written first and capitalized?

Specific Epithet

Which part of a scientific name follows the genus and is written in lowercase?

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Which scientific name honors Edwin Klebs in the genus and refers to the disease in the specific epithet?

Pfiesteria piscicida

Which scientific name honors Lois Pfiester and refers to disease in fish?

Salmonella typhimurium

Which scientific name honors Daniel Salmon and refers to stupor in mice?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Which scientific name has a genus referring to chains of cells and an epithet referring to forms pus?

Penicillium notatum

Which scientific name has a genus referring to tuftlike structures and an epithet referring to spores spread in wind?

Trypanosoma cruzi

Which scientific name has a genus referring to corkscrew-like and an epithet honoring Oswaldo Cruz?

Taxonomic Hierarchy

What is the taxonomic hierarchy from the broadest to the most specific category?

Eukaryotic Species

What term describes a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves?

Prokaryotic Species

What term describes a population of cells with similar characteristics?

Clone

What term describes a population of cells derived from a single cell?

Strain

What term describes genetically different cells within a clone?

Viral Species

What term describes a population of viruses with similar characteristics occupying a particular ecological niche?

Animalia

Which kingdom is multicellular, lacks cell walls, and is chemoheterotrophic?

Plantae

Which kingdom is multicellular, has cellulose cell walls, and is usually photoautotrophic?

Fungi

Which group is chemoheterotrophic, unicellular or multicellular, and has chitin cell walls?

Protista

What group serves as a catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms?

Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

Which reference provides identification schemes for bacteria and archaea?

Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Which reference provides phylogenetic information about bacteria and archaea?

Approved Lists of Bacterial Names

Which reference lists species of known prokaryotes?

Morphological Characteristics

Which identification method is particularly useful for identifying eukaryotes?

Differential Staining

Which identification method includes Gram staining and acid-fast staining?

Biochemical Tests

Which identification method determines the presence of bacterial enzymes?

Numerical Identification

What identification method converts results from multiple biochemical tests into an ID value?

Serology

What identification approach combines known antiserum with an unknown bacterium?

Slide Agglutination

Which serological method produces a visible reaction by combining antiserum and an unknown bacterium on a slide?

ELISA

Which serological method is listed alongside slide agglutination and Western blot?

Western Blot

Which serological method separates proteins and then uses antibodies to detect specific antigens?

Borrelia burgdorferi

Which organism is identified in the Lyme disease Western blot example?

Phage Typing

Which identification method uses bacteriophages to distinguish bacterial types?

Flow Cytometry

Which identification method can distinguish species using electrical conductivity, fluorescence, or fluorescently labeled antibodies?

DNA Base Composition

Which genetic method determines the percentage of guanine plus cytosine in DNA?

DNA Fingerprinting

Which genetic method uses electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests?

rRNA Sequencing

Which genetic method is used to obtain phylogenetic information from ribosomal RNA sequences?

PCR

What genetic identification method is abbreviated as PCR?

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

What method compares organisms by allowing complementary nucleic acid strands to pair?

Denaturation

What process occurs when DNA is heated and its two strands separate?

Renaturation

What process occurs when separated DNA strands are cooled and pair again?

Complete Hybridization

What does complete hybridization indicate about the organisms in the PDF example?

Partial Hybridization

What does partial hybridization indicate about the organisms in the PDF example?

No Hybridization

What does no hybridization indicate about the organisms in the PDF example?

DNA Probe

What tool uses a known labeled DNA sequence to detect a complementary DNA sequence?

DNA Probe Procedure

What identification process involves cloning a known DNA fragment, labeling it, separating it into single strands, and allowing it to hybridize with DNA from an unknown organism?

Fluorescent Probe

What type of label allows a DNA probe to reveal the presence of its complementary DNA sequence?

DNA Chip

What identification tool contains hundreds or thousands of synthetic single-stranded DNA sequences?

DNA Chip Procedure

What identification process involves labeling unknown DNA and allowing it to hybridize with complementary sequences on a chip?

normal cells

What does a red signal indicate in the DNA-chip example?

cancer cells

What does a green signal indicate in the DNA-chip example?

both present

What does a yellow signal indicate in the DNA-chip example?

DNA Base Composition

Which genetic method is used for classification but not identification according to the taxonomic criteria table?

rRNA Sequencing

Which molecular method is used for classification but not identification according to the taxonomic criteria table?

PCR

Which molecular method is used for both classification and identification according to the taxonomic criteria table?

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Which molecular method is used for classification and identification, including DNA probes and DNA chips?

Dichotomous Key

What identification tool uses a sequence of two-choice decisions to identify an unknown organism?

Cladogram

What diagram represents evolutionary relationships using similarities such as rRNA sequences?

rRNA Base Sequence

What sequence is determined first when constructing the Lactobacillus cladogram?

Percentage Similarity

What value is calculated between nucleotide sequences before constructing the cladogram?

ancestor

What does each branch point or node represent?