Chemical Bonding: Ionic, Covalent, and Properties of Bonds in Chemistry

What is an ionic bond?

A bond formed through electron transfer between atoms.

What is a covalent bond?

A bond formed through electron sharing between nonmetals.

What characterizes metallic bonds?

Electrons are free to move throughout the metal.

What is the Octet Rule?

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have eight valence electrons.

Why are noble gases considered stable?

They have completely filled s and p shells, satisfying the octet rule.

What are Lewis symbols?

A way to visualize valence electrons on an element using dots around the chemical symbol.

What is lattice energy?

The energy required to separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions.

How does ion size affect lattice energy?

As ion size increases down a column, lattice energy decreases.

How does ion charge affect lattice energy?

Larger ion charges result in higher lattice energy due to increased potential energy between atoms.

What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding?

Ionic bonding involves electron transfer (metal + nonmetal), while covalent bonding involves electron sharing (nonmetal + nonmetal).

What is a formal charge?

A way to determine the charge of an atom in a molecule, calculated as valence electrons - (1/2 bonding electrons) - (nonbonding electrons).

What are resonance structures?

Equivalent structures that can be drawn for a molecule, showing different possible arrangements of electrons.

What is bond enthalpy?

The amount of energy required to break a bond in one mole of a gaseous substance.

How does bond length relate to bond strength?

Shorter bonds are generally stronger than longer bonds.

What is the significance of multiple bonds in terms of strength?

Multiple bonds (double or triple) are stronger than single bonds and have higher bond enthalpy.

What is an odd electron species?

A compound that has an odd number of electrons, resulting in unpaired electrons known as free radicals.

What is a hypervalent atom?

An atom that can expand its octet, typically found in central atoms in row 3 or below.

What is the process for drawing Lewis structures?

1) Sum valence electrons. 2) Determine central atom. 3) Draw single bonds. 4) Satisfy octets of outer atoms. 5) Check central atom's octet.

What happens when a covalent compound has a charge?

The charge will add or remove electrons from the total pool used to draw the Lewis structure.

What is the best structure according to formal charge?

The best structure has as many formal charges of 0 as possible, and negative formal charges on the most electronegative atoms.

How do you determine the dominant Lewis structure for a molecule?

By calculating the formal charges and choosing the structure with the lowest formal charges.

What is the role of double bonds in Lewis structures?

Double bonds are used when necessary to satisfy the octet rule for central atoms.

What is the relationship between bond energies and reaction enthalpies?

ΔHrxn can be estimated using bond enthalpies: ΔHrxn = Σ(bonds broken) - Σ(bonds formed).