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normal-shaped sperm

Macrocephaly sperm

Microcephaly, or small-head sperm

Pinhead sperm

Tapered head sperm

Thin head sperm

Decondensing head sperm

Headless sperm

Tail-less sperm

Nuclear vacuoles sperm

Multi-head sperm

Thick, swollen neck

Coiled-tail sperm

Stump tail sperm

Grade 5 Diadem/Crater Defect

Proximal cytoplasmic droplet

distal droplet plus pyriform

Knobbed acrosome, notched form

bulbous form

Crater/diadem Grade 1) in equatorial region

Grade3-4,

Pyriform head

Giant head (Boar, DIC,)

Double head (Phase)

rolled head/ nuclear crest (Phase)

Abaxial attachment

Thickened midpiece reflex

Broken midpiece

Tail stump defect

Accessory Midpiece

Coiled midpiece (“Dag defect”)

Broken tail plus pyriform head

Terminal tail coil* Regarded as a cold shock effect.

Coiled tail plus accessory Midpiece.