Week 13 AP Bio

Centrioles

Cell structure, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cells division

Centrosome

Central microtubule-organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles

Prophase

First place of mitosis; characterized by the condensation of the chromatin; chromosomes are visible, but scattered in the nucleus

Prometaphase

Second phase of mitosis; chromosomes are condensed but not fully aligned at the metaphase plate

Cleavage furrow

Indentation in the plasma membrane of animal cells during cell division; formation marks the start of cytokinesis

Cell plate

Structure across a dividing plant cells that signals the location of new plasma membranes and cell walls

Therapeutic cloing

Used to create mature cells of various cell types. Facilitated study of specialization of cells and provides cells and tissue to treat human illnesses

Reproductive cloning

Used to create an organism that is genetically identical to the original indiviual

Benign

Mass of cells derived from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division but has remained at the site of origin

Metaphase

Third phase of mitosis; chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate

Anaphase

Fourth phase of mitosis; chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle

Telophase

Final place of mitosis; daughter cells are located at each pole

Malignant

The power to threaten life; cancerous

Tumor

Cells derived from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division; benign tumors remain at the site of origin, while malignant tumors metastasize

Metastasis

Spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body; caused by the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues

Angigenesis

Formation of new blood vessels; rapid angiogenesis is a characteristic of cancer cells

Proto-oncogenes

Gene that promotes the cell cycle and prevents apoptosis; may become an oncogene through mutation

Tumor suppressor genes

Gene that codes for a protein that ordinarily suppresses the cell cycle; inactivity due to a mutation can lead to a tumor