AP Human Geography - Unit 2 Population and Migration (2019 CED)

carrying capacity

the population a region can support without significant environmental deterioration

pronatalism (pronatalist policies)

programs designed to increase the fertility rate

forced migration

a type of movement in which people do not choose to relocated, but do so under threat of violence

voluntary migration

movement undertaken by choice

arithmetic population density

calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area

antinatalism (antinatalist policies)

programs to decrease the number of births

refugees

someone who crosses international borders, and they have a well-founded fear that they will be harmed if they return home

transnational migration

a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country

physiological population density

calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land (land suitable for growing crops)

push factors

negative circumstances, events, or conditions that stimulate people to move

internally displaced people

a person who flees a situation due to danger that moves to another part of the same country

step migration

a process by which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

agricultural population density

compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land

demographics

statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it

pull factors

people choose a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances.

asylum

an offer of protection from a government that protects migrants from danger in their home country

chain migration

when migrants move to communities where relatives or friends migrated previously

gravity model

the belief in the greater pull in larger communities, and the assumption that more people are likely to migrate from a large community than a small one

guest workers

legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term

internal migration

permanent movement within the same country

transhumance

The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer.

distribution

the arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

fertility rate

the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime

mortality rate

the overall frequency of death in a population

migration

permanent movement to a new location.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

the difference between number of births and deaths

population doubling time

the time required for a population to double in size

dependency ratio

the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

intervening obstacle

an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

intervening opportunity

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Rural-urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city

contraception

Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring; for of birth control

Mathusian Theory

Rate of population is growing much faster than the rate of food production

epidemiologic transition

focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

demographic transition model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

death rate (crude death rate)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year

birth rate (crude birth rate)

The number of live births per 1,000 members of the population in a year.

population pyramid

A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.

climate

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time (not daily weather).

landforms

the natural features of the land's surface