IPE318/518 Global Health Issues: Exam 3 Study Guide

How do infectious agents become drug resistant?

Drug resistance happens when bacteria or other infectious agents develop the ability to survive medications that are supposed to kill or control them.

What causes drug resistance in infectious agents?

Overusing antibiotics

Overusing antibiotics in animals

Incorrect prescriptions

Incorrect doses

Stopping medication early

Using counterfeit medications

Improper diagnosis.

What happens during the exposure/infection phase of a communicable disease?

A person becomes infected.

Can a person spread an infection during the exposure/infection phase?

Transmission depends on the infection.

What happens during the latent phase of a communicable disease?

The person is infected but does not show symptoms yet.

Can a person spread an infection during the latent phase?

Yes, some infections can spread before symptoms appear.

What happens during the clinical phase of a communicable disease?

The person develops symptoms of the disease.

Can a person spread an infection during the clinical phase?

Yes, depending on the disease.

What happens during the resolution phase of a communicable disease?

Symptoms go away, or the person dies.

Which organization is working on creating a new vaccine for Tuberculosis?

World Health Organization.

How can the spread of Malaria be interrupted?

Vaccines

Insecticide-treated bed nets

Reducing mosquito populations

Preventive medications

Preventive treatment to pregnant women

Spraying insecticides

What environmental controls can help decrease infectious diseases in low-income areas?

Clean water

Improved sanitation

Better hygiene

Vector control

Vaccination programs

How can communicable diseases impact the economy of a society?

Decreased productivity

Affected child development

Discouraged economic investment

Loss of income

Expensive medical treatment

Overwhelmed healthcare systems

What are the different modes of transmission for communicable diseases?

Direct contact

Airborne

Vector borne

Fecal-oral

Blood-borne

Sexual

What are the challenges to treatment for Malaria?

Drug resistance and difficulty developing new medications.

What are the challenges to treatment for Tuberculosis?

Patients must take multiple medications for 6 months or longer, and better testing for latent TB is needed.

What are the challenges to treatment for HIV/AIDS?

Antiretroviral medications can be expensive and may not be available to everyone.

What is the difference between emerging and reemerging diseases?

Emerging diseases are new and may affect populations, while reemerging diseases are existing diseases that begin spreading again or develop new forms.

What is an endemic disease?

A disease that is always present in a population.

What is an epidemic disease?

A disease that occurs more often than usual in a population.

What is a pandemic disease?

An epidemic that spreads worldwide.

Does the healthcare system in India provide quality health services for everyone?

No, it does not always happen despite being stated as a right.

What are family members expected to do in understaffed health facilities in India?

Bring medical supplies

Food for patients

Provide nonmedical care.

Which health care program works to reduce maternal mortality in India?

Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakarm (JSSK).

Which organization provides public health in rural areas of India?

National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).

What is the primary form of payment for healthcare services in rural areas of India?

Out of pocket payments at the time of service.

What is the role of Voluntary Health Insurance (VHI) in France?

It helps pay for healthcare expenses not fully covered by Statutory Health Insurance (SHI).

How are residents with chronic illnesses protected from financial devastation in France?

They are exempt from coinsurance payments.

How does France finance their health system?

Through payroll taxes

Income taxes

Special taxes

Voluntary health insurance

Government subsidies

What factors contribute to quality health care in France?

Freedom to choose providers

Universal coverage

Generous maternity leave

Neighborhood clinics

Access to preventive care

Physician education

How do citizens become enrolled in Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) in France?

All residents are automatically enrolled based on their occupational status.

What is the role of the Ministry of Health in France?

Controlling budgets

Organizing and financing the healthcare system

Developing strategies

Deciding on healthcare benefits

What type of care is prioritized by Medical Financial Assistance Programs in China?

Inpatient care (hospital care).

What are the goals of Health China 2030?

To improve health for everyone.

What is Healthy China 2030?

A national strategy designed to improve health for everyone in China.

What are the 5 main goals of Healthy China 2030?

1. Improve nationwide health

2. Control major risk factors

3. Increase health service capacity

4. Expand the health industry

5. Perfect the health service system.

What are the four core principles of Healthy China 2030?

1. Health priority

2. Reform and innovation

3. Scientific development

4. Justice and equity

What lifestyle changes have created future challenges for China?

Smoking

Alcohol consumption

Pressure

Increased competition

Unsafe sexual practices

What Tier of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Care System provides the most government assistance?

The local level provides 70-80% cost coverage.

Who receives healthcare from the NRCMCS?

People living in rural areas, especially the rural poor.

Who is covered under the Urban Resident Basic Insurance Program?

Self-employed individuals

Students

Children

Elderly individuals

What happened to the healthcare system after the Early Reform Period (1977-1989)?

Healthcare costs increased

Inequalities grew

Many families could not afford healthcare

What event sparked the healthcare reform from 2003 to present in China?

The SARS outbreak in 2003.

What is the target for the WHO's Mental Health Action Plan 2021-2030?

80% of countries will double community-based mental health facilities and integrate mental healthcare into primary healthcare.

What is the definition of mental health by the WHO?

A state of well-being in which people can recognize their abilities, handle normal stress, work productively, and contribute to their communities.

What are barriers to receiving treatment for mental illness?

Lack of facilities

Insufficient healthcare professionals

Poor access, stigma

Inappropriate treatment

What is the most common mental illness globally?

Anxiety disorders.

How is the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) promoting treatment of depression?

By training nonspecialized healthcare workers and integrating mental healthcare into primary care.

What is the focus of the mhGAP program in Ethiopia?

Increasing access to mental healthcare and training healthcare workers.

How does the Navajeevan Trust improve the lives of those with mental illness?

By rescuing homeless individuals

Providing safe housing

Medications

Food

Rehabilitation

What are risk factors for the development of mental illness?

Living in poverty

Stressful life events

Natural disasters

Poor family relationships

Low social support

What is schizophrenia?

A serious mental illness affecting thoughts, perceptions, and behavior, with symptoms like hallucinations and delusions.

Describe the Electronic Health Records system in Japan.

Japan does not have a structured Electronic Health Records system.

Who receives health insurance with the Employee's Health Insurance (EHI)?

Employees working for companies with five or more employees.

How is the Employee's Health Insurance financed?

Through contributions from employees and employers.

How are monthly premiums decided for the Employee's Health Insurance plan?

Based on an employee's income and age, adjusted yearly.

What Safety Net limits out of pocket costs based on age and income?

Catastrophic Coverage.

Which organization creates the benefit package and fee schedule in Japan?

Central Social Insurance Medical Council.

Do individuals with National Health Insurance (NHI) pay anything at the time of health services?

Yes, they pay 30% of the cost at the time of service.

What are characteristics of the Japanese healthcare system?

Universal coverage

Mandatory enrollment

Government-regulated

Same benefits for all

Patient choice

Government subsidies