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Randomized distribution
Represents results expected by chance if the new hypothesis is true.
Difference between groups centered where ?
Commonly centered at zero under the no hypothesis of no difference.
P-value
The chance assuming HO is true of getting a result as extreme or more extreme than the observed result in the directions specified by HA.
Small P-value mean ?
The observed result would be unusual if HO were true. It is evidence against HO but it is not the probability that HO is true.