ecology exam 2

1a. What biome or biomes are the habitat for these butterflies

temperate forest

1b. what is the relationship between per capita birth rate and population size incorporated in the logistic growth model

declines linearly with population size

1c. what is the relationship between per capita death rate and population size incorporated in the logistic growth model

death rate increases linearly with population size

1d. what is the relationship between larvae density and pupal mass in P. aegeria and how do you know

the relationship is negative, as density increased pupal mass decreased, this is likely die to intraspecific competition for limited resources.

1e. What is the relationship between larvae density and larvae survivorship in P. aegeria? How do
you know

the relationship is negative, the text states survivorship was highest when reared alone as higher densities of larvae promote more competition

1fThe continuous logistic population growth model with a time lag can be used to model
population growth in P. aegeria. Explain why this model is more appropriate than the discrete
model or the continuous model without a time lag.

this model is more appropriate because the effects are not immediate. This can be seen within the table as the mass of larvae decreased through each brood. This model is more appropriate as density dependant limiting factors happen through development not at a distinctive event.

2b.The reproductive value rises until age 11 and then declines. Discuss why this pattern occurs—
start your discussion with a definition of reproductive value

This pattern occurs to reaching max reproductive value. Reproductive value can be defined as how valuable an individual of a certain age is to future population growth.

2c What is the probability of surviving from 4- to 5-years-old? How do you know

93% using the conditional survival formula

conditional survival formula

px=lx+1/lx

1d
What is the probability of dying before age 1? How do you know?

51% by subtracting the survivorship age from the inital survivorship at weaning

2e Which age class contributes most to the reproduction of the population? Explain your
reasonin

11 is the age class that contributes the most, it has the highest lxmx value

2f
Is there a cost to reproduction? Explain your reasoning.

yes, reproduction always has a cost, this can be seen through the differing values for successful breeding and the amount that died and survived versus the unsuccessful male

3bWhat is the average number of female offspring produced by females of each stage in the
Netherlands population? Explain and show your calculation

0 for 0-1, 0.867 for 1-2, 0.867 for 2- onward

3c
Start with a Netherlands population of 4568 age 0 females, 1886 age 1 females, and 3546 age 2
or older females at time t. Express the population as a vector

lamda:1.04 r=ln(1.04)=0.039 N10=nt x lmaba =10,000 x(1,04)^10 =14,802

4a Which is greater for O. maculosus, intraspecific competition or interspecific competition? How
do you know?

Intraspecific competition is greater for o. maculosus, this can be seen through the competition equation as n2 disapears as n12=0

competition equation

k1-n1-a12N2/K1

4bb. Which is greater for C. globiceps, intraspecific competition or interspecific competition? How
do

Interspecific competition is greater, a is greater then 1 pointing to interspecific competition