Intro to Public Health Exam 2

What are the 5 core functions of public health?

Epidemiology, biostatistics, community Health, Environmental Health, and behavioral Health

What is the defintion of community?

all who are affected by public health practice and research within a specific geographic area

What is public health empowerment?

Giving the community the ability to change the course of how these intiatives are being made and implemented. People have a choice in decision making

How does one expand citizen engagment?

social media, town hall meetings, involvment through online forums

What is public deliberation?

Individuals are apart of the process and if there is more than one choice for a particular program, they get to choose and be mindful of underrepresented groups

What is an example of community engagment discussed in class?

Flint, Michigan Water Crisis

A health department invites residents to meetings about decisions they are making that affect the community but excludes them from the decisions. What is most lacking?

Community Empowerment

Residents review competing evidence before collectively selecting a health policy. What does this illustrate?

Public Deliberation

What is the importance of Community Health (Needs) Assesment?

To identify key health needs and issues on a state, tribal, local, or territorial level to inform local iniatives?

What type of surveys do CHA use?

Qualitative data

T/F: A needs assesement will look the same in all communites.

False; each community has different needs that will shape their assesment process

How often are CHA done?

3-5 years because health needs to community can change

Why complete and assesment and improvement plan?

Assesment- identifies community needs

Improvement plan- helps develop an improvement plan and justify the use of specific resources.

What is an example we discussed in class about CHA?

Cook’s Children Hospital comes up w/ a survey to assess what are the needs of children within our community. Come up w/ a community improvement plan with this data

A county has extensive disease statistics but limited community input.

What is the biggest assessment gap?

Community perspectives because you do not hear the voice of the community

How does the Take Action Model come up w/ IRL iniativies?

we must work together, to asses needs and resources and get different community members to choose and effective policy, take action on what is important, and evaluate actions

emphasis on working with different groups, not just the ones you are trying to fill the community need gap form

A health coalition reviews an intervention's results and revises its strategy.

Which cycle is demonstrated?

Plan - Do - Check - Act

A student believes exercise is beneficial but avoids it because their friends discourage it. Which TRA construct best explains this?

Subjective norms

A student intends to exercise but believes their schedule prevents it. Which construct explains this?

Perceived behavioral control

Why is Social Cognitive Theory important in healthcare?

healthcare providers want to understand why people do certain things in order to address the root cause

What is Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)?

the interaction between cognitive and enviromental variables that work together to influence human behavior

What concept does the Social Cognitive Theory introduce?

self-efficacy (confidence) and outcome expectations. If expectations are meant, they are more likely to continue

After successfully excercising for 2 weeks, the student becomes more confidence about continuing. Which SCT construct is most directly demonstrated?

self-efficacy

What is the Diffusions of Innovations Theory?

Shows that when a new behavior comes, not everybody will be on board to adopt it

What is a Health Belief Model?

seeks to explain why people take action in preventing, screening, and controlling illness (a perceived threat)

A student knows influenza is serious, but believes they are unlikely to catch it. Which HBM construct is low?

Perceived susceptibility

What is the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)?

When people know that their behavior is not good

What are the stages of the transtheoretical model?

pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance

Define the following stages of the transtheoretical model?

pre-contemplation- unaware of the problem

contemplation- aware of the problem and the desired behavior change

preparation-intends to take action

action-practices the desired behavior

maintenance- works to sustain the behavior change

How can you help someone at the following stages in the transtheoretical model?

pre-contemplation- create awareness

contemplation- persuade and motivate

preparation-educate

action- facilitate action

maintenance- reinforce changes and reminder communications

How does Pavlov Experiments in conditioning apply to behaviorism?

Positively reinforce individuals in order to strengthen their behavior and vice versa for negative behavior

What is the ecological approach?

“People are not acting in a vacuum” but in their social and environmental factors they are in.

Why are their health behavior change theories important?

Community health promotion programs rely on a mix of theories and multiple model

what do environmental health factors include?

physical, biological, social, and cultural factors

What is WHO definition of environmental health?

study of those factors in the environment that affect human health

What is the significance of the Clean Water Act?

What are the 5 primary care professionals involved in public health?

pediatrics, family medicine, internal medicine, psychiatrics, ob-gyn/gynecology

What is primary care?

the first level of contact by individuals and families

A community expands primary care access to the community but sees little improvement in population health.

What is the most likely explanation?

A clinic adds social workers and community health workers to its primary care team.What is the primary advantage?

Addressing nonclinical barriers to health

What is the Triple Aim

A health system reduces spending and improves patient satisfaction, but hospital readmissions increase.

Which Triple Aim component is most clearly compromised?

patient satification

Which framework started at looking at the individuals?

The ecological matter

What is an example of how individual interactions are nested in the community and governed by policy?

micro and macros something

What are the key features of community health developoment?

bringing people that can make an impact, community participation, shared decision making, collaborate with the community to put these initiatives in place

What are examples of different features in community health development?

Residents, schools, and health departments work together to improve access to healthy food

Who improves community health?

Stakeholders within that community. Examples are health departments, healthcare providers, schools, local government, and community members

A coalition establishes a community garden that increases access to fresh produce. The increased access represents the:

The product

People collaborate to address health problems. What aspect of community health development is this?

Process

Improved community conditions and health outcomes. What aspect of community health development is this?

Product which is like the outcome of the said development

Sustainable community health improvement. What aspect of community health development is this?

Aim

Improved nutrition and community health. Which aspect of community health development is this?

Aim

What is the difference between health equity and health equality?

health equity is leveling the plain field for an equal outcome and equality is putting everyone at the same

What is a health disparity?

avoidable differences in health between groups of people more and less advantaged socially

A coalition establishes a community garden that increases access to fresh produce. The increased access represents the:

Health equality

What does the social ecological development process emphasize?

These do not exist in a vacuum therefore everything is interconnected and influences health outcomes on different levels

What is the Healthy Cities and Communities Model?

Looks the cities planning and asks how can we maximize the environment to be health friendly/conscious

What is thr Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP) model?

Looks at organizations with a common goal in order to partner to have the best outcomes.

Emphasis on the shared vision

What is the Healthy People 2030 Framework?

Comes up with health indicators and identifies priorities for the nation and track the progress in data and support communities to seek improvement

What is the program that the CDC follows?

MAP-IT framework

What are the key themes of these different public health?

community partners, asses the needs, come up with a plan

What is an example of a natural disaster?

hurricanes, earthquakes and floods

What are the phases of disaster management?

cyclic in nature, as most public health infrastructures

preparation, response, recovery, mitigation

What is the definition of mitigation?

reduce risks before disaster occurs

How does mitigation differs from preparedness?

Preparedness is having infastructure to help the response

What is included of manmade or technological disasters?

Chemical spills, industrial accidents, infrastructure failures

What is a real world example of manmade or technological disasters?

2014 Flint Michigan water crisis due to failure to maintain water pipes by the government

What was the worse influenza pandemics?

H1N1 flu in 1918

What is bioterrorism?

people intentionally using biological agents to cause illness or death

What are the 3 categories of bioterrorism agents?

Category A- highest priority threats

Category B- moderate priority threats

Category C- emerging threats

What are public health aspects of environmental services within sanitation?

restore sewage systems, promote handwashing, and prevent contamination and disease

What are public health aspects of environmental services within water safety?

test drinking water, provide emergency eater supplies, and communicate boil-water advisories

What are public health aspects of environmental services within food and shelter?

provide safe emergency shelters, ensure food safety, and coordinate services for displaced residents

How are disaster responses organized?

local, state, federal, EMAC, and federal aid is available through the presidential declaration of disaster emergencies.

What is the main federal department that coordinates disaster response?

FEMA

What is the importance of ICS (Incident Command System)?

The leadership in coordinating emergency responses

What does the Incident Commander do in ICS?

they are the overall leadership

What does operations do in ICS?

Do the response to activities/ “field team”

What does the Planning aspect of ICS do?

Information and response plans

Which ICS station does personnel, equipment, and supplies?

logistics

Which ICS station deals with costs and administration?

Finance

What are the 3 groups of the Haddon Matrix?

Prevent exposure-strategies 1-5

Reduce injury severity- strategies 6-8

Limit consequences- Strategies 9-10

Whata re the 3 event

What are the 4