Prenatal Development, Birth and the newborn Baby Chapter 2

Prenatal begins at

conception until birth

Average pregnancy length

38-40 weeks

Genetics

the study of heredity

Mendelian Law of Inheritance

how heredity characteristics are passed from parents to their offspring

The dominance/recessive principle

Dominate trait: the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present

Recessive Trait: a trait within an organism that is present but not expressed

the offspring does not manifest the trait unless

the gene was received from both parents

Autosome

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (1-22)

23rd pair of chromosomes

sex chromosomes

zygote

formed when sperm and ovum unite (conception)

Females vs Males sex chromosomes?

Females: XX

Males: XY

Gender Determination

fathers sperm determines the gender

identical twins

result when a single zygote separates to form 2 individuals

-same gender, same DNA, same Blood type

fraternal twins

results from release and fertilization of two ova that form two individuals

-more common type of twins

-like siblings

-1/60 pregnancies

sickle cell anemia

RBC's form crescent cells

CRISPR: gene editing therapy can treat disease

-inherited from both parents

-recessive condition found more commonly in African Americans

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Inability to breakdown phenyalaline, must be on certain diet for life

Tay-Sachs disease

-fatal neurological disease

-affects all nerve cells, can cause brain damage,

-common in eastern Jewish heritage

Cystic Fibrosis

-a disorder that damages the lungs

-CRISPR: gene editing used to treat

-clogs the alveoli in lungs, passed on in generations

Hemophilia

X-linked disorder that causes abnormal clotting

-seen more in men, female could be carrier but men shows more due to a faulty X chromosome

Frigile X syndrome

X Chromosome is abnormal

-seen more in men, female could be carrier but men shows more due to a faulty X chromosome

Down syndrome

caused by problems with the 21st chromosome

-also face heart or digestive issues and dementia past age 40

Chromosomal Abnormalities

are not inherited and most occur in meiosis

Klinefelter syndrome

extra x chromosome in males

-produce little to no sperm

-learning disability and poor speech can be seen

Turner Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.

-all eggs die and girls do not undergo puberty

reproductive choices

genetic counseling (assesses chances of hereditary disorders) , prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine (permits detection of developmental problems), reproductive technologies (human genome project), adoption

prenantal diagnostic methods

amniocentesis: 15/16 week of gestation, amniotic fluid tested,

noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) screening test, 10 weeks of gestation sees if theres flow

alpha fetoprotein: neural tube defects

Ultrasound: hand held probe 16-20 weeks

Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging

germinal period

-first two weeks after conception

-attaches to uterine wall

-protective layer (amniotic sack)

placenta

provides protection from many teratogens

umbilical cord

delivers blood, 02, nutrients, hormones and removes wastes

period of the embryo

2 weeks to 8 weeks

- development of major organs

- CRITICAL PERIOD (development of organs, the heart is first to develop at 21 or 22 days old)

period of the fetal

week 9 until birth

10-16 week:gender determination is possible

-age of viability: life is possible at week 22-26 out of the uterus

Teratogenic (Teratogens)

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

smoking

-nicotine decreases blood flow

-causes low birth weight, miscarriage, blood vessel abnormalities, impaired breathing and asethma

medications

-no meds unless doctor says so, can cause deformities

-no drug should be taken without a physician's okay

addictive drugs

heroin, cocaine can cause low birth weight, trouble sleeping, shrill cry, death after birth, and marijuana can cause behavior issues in the child

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

is a diagnosis when alcohol ingestion by the pregnant female causes number of deformities

-causes abnormal facial features such as thin upper lip, flat nose bridge, eyes spread far apart

Fetal Alcohol Affect (FAE)

also known as alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND)

-psychiatric and behavior disorders demonstrated by mid-childhood and adolescent children, reduced motor function and speed of information processing

Maternal Infections

-rubella (german measles) and rubeola (measles)

-HIV & AIDS: passed through the placenta

-STD's: can lead to miscarriage

-Cytomegalovirus (CMV): type of herpes, can cause deafness or cognitive issues

-toxoplasmosis: raw me=eat and eegs, causes parasites, can't change cat litter

-Covid 19: pregnant people should get vaccinated

Rh factor incompatibility

when inherited rhesus factor of a mother and fetus differ leading to incompatibility between maternal and fetus' blood

Effects:

- first born is rarely affect, second born danger increases

treatment: RhoGam

Maternal Nutrition

Normal weight gain

25-35 lbs if woman is normal weight

28-40 lbs if woman is underweight

15-25 lbs if woman is overweight

Maternal Exercise

improves muscle tone, respirations, promotes circulation, promotes comfortable pregnancy and safer delivery

-avoid strenuous exercise: can risk premature birth

Maternal Emotions

the fetus experiences same sensation as the mother; stress, fear, anxiety

Birth defects transmitted by father

exposure to radiation, infections, drugs, alcohol, tobacco and other chemicals can cause chromosome abnormalities

APGAR scoring

A= appearance (color all pink, pink and blue, blue [pale])

P= pulse (>100, < 100, absent)

G= grimace (cough, grimace, no response)

A= activity (flexed, flaccid, limp)

R= respirations (strong cry, weak cry, absent)

anoxia

absence of oxygen

-caused by occulusion (blocking) of umbilical cord which reduce blood flow to fetus, can cause mental retardation and cerebral palsy

hypoxia

decreased oxygen supply

caused by occulusion (blocking) of umbilical cord which reduce blood flow to fetus, can cause mental retardation and cerebral palsy

sensory capacities

touch (stimulates growth, emotional well being), taste(develops in utero) , smell, hearing, vision (can't see till birth, likes black and white the first 4 weeks after birth)

Reflexes

rooting, sucking (happens in utero), startle reflex, grasping, stepping, swimming, babinski (is doing after 2 years of age might indicate neural disorder)