Combine PRAXIS Cards

Respiration relies on the muscle of inspiration and expiration. The thick dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from the thorax is called the….

Diaphragm

Which Branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

superior laryngeal nerve

The primary muscle of the lips is the

orbicularis oris

The neurons that transmit information away from the brain are called

efferent neurons

an important structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains the hypothalamus (which controls emotions) and the thalamus (which relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex) is called the

diencephalon

The corpus striatum is composed of three nuclear masses, which are the

globus pallidus, caudate nucleus and putamen

The structure that regulates body posture, equilibrium and coordinated fine motor movements is the

cerebellum

The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the

corpus callous and basal ganglia

The laryngopharynx and the oropharynx add resonance to sound produce by the larynx. The nasopharynx adds noticeable resonance to which sounds

m,n,ng

The are composed of a ring of connective tissue abdominal muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoid cartilages to the epiglottis. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway

Aryepiglottic folds

The cranial nerve that innervates the larynx and also innervates the levator veil palatini, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscle is

Cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve

Muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure are the

levator veli platni, musculus uvulae, superior pharyngeal constrictor, palatopharyngeusm palatoglossus and salpingopharyngeus

The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called

Lingual frenum

when a person is producing voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the

genioglossus

which muscles from the list below are the most involved in adducting the vocal folds

lateral cricoarytenoids and transverse arytenoid

The largest branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies the entire lateral surface of the cortex, including the major regions of the frontal lobe is the

middle cerebral artery

The primary motor cortex that lies anterior to the central sulcus and controls movements of the skeletal muscles on the opposite side of the body is located on the

precental gyrus

The meninges contain several layers of protective tissue. The delicate, thin, transparent membrane that adheres to the brain surface and closely follows its gyri and sulci is called the

pia mater

inter hemispheric fibers from the medullary center of the brain. The nerve fibers of the medullary center are divided into projection, association, and commissural fibers. The most important association fibers that lie just below the surface of the cortex and connect. Brocas area with wernjcke’s are call the

superior longitudinal fibers

large neurons that are found in the cerebellum and release gamma-aminobutyric acid are called

purkinje cells

The typical speaker of standard American English would produce the word emancipation as

imænsəpeIʃən

The /r/ and the /l/ sound may be both categorized as

liquids

The semivowel that can be categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is + anterior and + continuant is the

/w/

The term coarticulation refers to

the influence of one phoneme on another in production and perception wherein two different articulators more simultaneously

Broad phonemic transcription involves

the use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slah marks

if a speaker said “I just love ‘em and leave ‘em”, the phrase “leave ‘em” could be transcribed as

liv m

The two properties of a medium that affect sound transmission are

mass and elasticity

A sinusoidal wave is a sound wave

that is a result of a simple harmonic motion

A natural frequency is a frequency

with which a source of sound vibrates naturally

An octave is

an indication of interval between two frequencies

the back and forth movement of the air molecules because of a vibrating object is referred to as

oscillation

the lowest frequency of a periodic wave is also known as

the fundamental frequency or first harmonic

when two or more sounds of different frequencies are combined, the result is a

complex tone whose vibrations may be periodic or aperiodic

acoustic of a speakers production of a vowel generally shows that

F1 varies mostly as a result of tongue height and F2, varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (variation in the anterior to posterior position of the the tongue in the oral cavity

In a periodic complex sound, tones that could occur over the fundamental frequency and can be characterized as whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency are called

harmonics

Diacritical marks are

useful in making narrow phonetic transcription that gives more detailed information on a speakers phonetic characteristics

The term coda refers to

the consonant at the end of the syllable

The manner of articulation refers to

the degree of type of constriction of the vocal tract during consonant production

during typical speech production, vowels

may stand alone

compared to unstressed syllables, stressed syllables are typically

longer and higher in pitch

A spectrogram is

a graphic display of time, intensity and frequency

formant frequencies are

resonant frequencies of the cavities above the larynx

visually displayed formant transitions

show changes in frequency due to articulatory movements from one sound to the other

to distinguish one speech sound from the other, the listener primarily depends on

the formant structures of speech sounds

An analysis of the acoustic features of consonants

should take into consideration the voice onset time

A child says, "Red crayon." This is an example of which type of semantic relations?

Attribute + entity

You have been asked to give a workshop to a group of parents of infants who attend a developmental nursery. The parents are interested in what they can do to communicate more successfully with their infants. Most of the infants are between 1 and 10 months of age. Most of the parents do not have much money or access to toys and objects, but you are told that they do spend plenty of time with their babies.

You are asked to speak about what specifically these parents can do to successfully interact with their infants in daily routines, such as bathing, dressing, and eating. You will tell these parents which of the following?

Ideally, speak to the baby in utterances (child-directed speech) that are higher pitched and have greater pitch fluctuations than ordinary speech.

A child using recurrence would say which of the following

More cookie

An example of a sentence using an embedded form would be which of the following

The boy who got a haircut looks nice

A mother comes to you, concerned because her son Jake was born prematurely and had to spend the first few months of his life in a neonatal intensive care unit. Now Jake is 9 months old, and his mother wants to make sure that his language development is "on target for his age." You go to Jake's home to observe him, and you also ask his mother to give you a detailed description of his communication patterns. As you evaluate Jake's language development, you need to remember that one of the following does NOT occur between 8 and 10 months of age in the typically developing child. Which one is it?

Using the phrase “all gone” to express emerging negation

You are conducting an assessment with an incoming kindergartener, Jason E., who has difficulty with word endings. Specifically, he tends to omit endings like -est (saying "sad" instead of "saddest"), -ily (saying "angry" instead of "angrily"), and so forth. He is having difficulty with which specific aspect of language?

Morphology

A 7-year-old girl, Ashton, is referred to you by her second-grade classroom teacher, Mr. Alvarez. Mr. Alvarez says that Ashton "doesn't always get along with her peers" and "doesn't know how to hold a decent conversation." You assess Ashton personally and also observe her on the playground during recess and in the cafeteria at lunchtime. You see that Mr. Alvarez is right. Ashton has difficulty in conversational exchanges with her peers, and they frequently ignore her. You notice that when talking to you, she seems uncomfortable and doesn't say much, even when you use a variety of interesting games and toys.

In therapy, your first priority with Ashton will be to

increase her skills in discourse.

You observe a clinician working with a child who has a language impairment. They are making cookies together, and the clinician is saying things like "Look, the dough goes in the bowl; the spoon is beside the bowl. We will set the bowl on top of the counter, and then make the cookies. We'll put them in the oven and take them out when they are done." The clinician is working on developing the child's skill in the area of understanding

Locatives

A 5-year-old child has been referred to you for a language assessment. There is a concern about his expressive language skills, and you decide to gather a language sample to assess expressive morphology and syntax. At one point, when looking at a book, the child points to a book character and says, "Him no eat cookies." This is an example of

four words, five morphemes, personal pronoun + one negative + one verb + one plural noun

Which one of the following Piagetian stages, which include object permanence, corresponds with the emergence of a typically developing child's first word?

Sensorimotor

Brian is a speech-language pathologist at a middle school. He receives the referral of a seventh-grade young lady, Erin; the teacher shares that Erin "hops around a lot and I feel really confused after I talk with her." Brian screens Erin and as part of the screening, he asks about her summer vacation. She tells Brian: "We went to Disneyland, and it was awesome. Thunder Mountain was my favorite ride. My cat has to go to the vet because she keeps throwing up. I hope she'll be OK. My big brother just went off to college."

Brian can most accurately conclude that Erin has specific difficulties with

Announcing topic shifts

A fourth-grade child, Alex, has been referred to you for language testing by his teacher. His parents are concerned and upset with the teacher because they feel that Alex needs more help in reading and writing skills than he is receiving. They tell you that the math and science homework assignments are too difficult for him, and they feel that the fourth-grade teacher is making unreasonable demands. You find out that Alex did not attend preschool, and even in kindergarten, the teacher wrote on his first-trimester progress report that he "began school not knowing basic concepts; he didn't talk as much as the other children either." You will tell Alex's parents that

you would like to conduct an assessment of Alex's language skills in a variety of domains to see whether he needs support services in oral and written language.

You are asked to assess Tina, who has Down syndrome. She is 4 years 10 months old, and her parents tell you that they wish for her to begin kindergarten in the fall (it is July, and school begins in September). You assess Tina's receptive and expressive language skills and find that she has an average MLU of 3.0 and an expressive vocabulary of 350 words. She sustains a topic of conversation about 20% of the time and over regularizes past-tense inflections. You will tell Tina's parents that

Tina's language skills are generally commensurate with those of a 2- to 3-year-old child and starting kindergarten in the fall would probably be difficult for her.

You are observing a clinician in a private practice setting. He specializes in child language disorders and serves elementary-age children from a variety of local public schools. When you observe this clinician doing therapy, you see that he has a well-structured reward system for each child. Some children receive a fruit loop for each correct response they make; others work to earn stickers and even small toys. This clinician has written down each specific behavior that he wishes to elicit from each child, with a percentage of accuracy attached. For example, an objective for one child reads, "When presented with a picture of two or more objects, Jimmy will label the picture using plural -s 80% of the time." This clinician probably subscribes to which theory of child language development?

Behaviorist

You are asked to work with a 3-and-a-half-year-old child whose language has been somewhat slow to develop. Matthew is the youngest of four children, and his parents tell you that his older siblings often talk for him. After assessing Matthew's language, you find that he consistently uses the following morphemes: present progressive -ing, prepositions in and on, and regular plural -s. His parents would like to enroll him for therapy because they want him to go to a local preschool, and they want him to "sound like the other kids and have good grammar." Which of the following morphemes would you begin with when Matthew starts therapy?

Irregular past-tense verbs

A first-grade teacher refers 6-year-old Mandy to you for an assessment. The teacher is concerned, because reportedly Mandy has problems with remembering what she hears. The teacher tells you, "Some-times I have to give the children three or four directions, and I have to do it quickly because we have to go somewhere, like an assembly. Mandy is the only one in my class who doesn't remember what I tell the kids to do." Based on this brief description, you suspect that Mandy might have difficulties in which of the following areas?

temporal auditory processing

A young child who says "down" when a cup of juice spills off of the dinner table is using the relation of

Locative action

A child has been referred to you for an assessment of his pragmatic skills. The chief complaint of adults and children with whom he interacts is that he frequently gives commands and sounds rude and bossy. His classroom teacher says she is "fed up with his bossiness," and peers do not include him in their games. His father tells you that the boy frequently says things like "Take me to Pizza Palace" and "Get me the Spiderman DVD." The father would like intervention to help his son say things like "I wonder if we could get a Spiderman DVD at the store," instead of giving orders. In therapy, you know you will need to work on the boy's facility with

Indirect request

A young child who often says things like "my doggy" or "their ball" is using the relation of

possession

You have been asked to assess the language skills of 6-year-old Jennifer, who has been referred by her classroom teacher. The teacher says that Jennifer "talks in these really short sentences. I don't know if she is just shy or if there is more going on." The teacher has worked on oral language skills daily with her class. The end of the year is coming soon, and the teacher is concerned about how Jennifer will perform in second grade. You decide to conduct an informal language screening to decide whether you need to formally evaluate Jennifer's expressive language skills. You find that she uses many sentences, such as "He has a ball" and "I like Pokémon." She uses few compound or complex sentences. You talk with her parents and find that this performance is also typical at home. Your next step would be to

tell the teacher and parents that you would like to formally evaluate Jennifer's language skills because at 6 years of age, she should have an average MLU of 6.0-8.0, and her language should approximate the adult model.

In order to begin producing two-word combinations, how many words do toddlers need to have in their expressive vocabulary?

50

A baby, Juan, is looking at the family cat. His grandma sees him looking at the cat and directs her gaze toward the cat, also. She prepares to comment about the cat. Juan's grandma is

Following Juan’s line of regard

A clinician is working with parents on home language-stimulation activities for their 3-year-old daughter, Hannah, whose language is delayed. Among other things, Hannah needs to increase her expressive language skills to a level more commensurate with her chronological age. Her mean length of utterance is restricted, and her utterances are more typical of a young 2-year-old child. The clinician has recommended that at home, the parents use a technique in which they play with Hannah and describe and comment on what she is doing and the objects she is interested in. For example, the parents might say, “you are making the car go fast” or “That pig is pink”. The parents are using the technique of

Parallel Talk

You are seeing a 6-year-old child, Tyler, with specific language impairment. When you assess Tyler, you find that he has adequate language comprehension. He is able to follow directions, understand vocabulary, and comprehend sentences of appropriate length and complexity for his age. However, his teacher and parents report that he has "no friends" and that they are concerned about his social skills. When you observe Tyler several times on the school playground, in the classroom, and in the school cafeteria, you see that, while he is well behaved and nondisruptive, he does not initiate interactions with others. Treatment should focus on:

increasing assertiveness in conversation.

You are seeing a 9-year-old boy, Emile, whose Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Fourth Edition score is one year above age level. Emile appears to be performing adequately in the classroom. His teacher reports that he is at grade level in most subjects. However, he often interrupts others and irritates his listeners; as a result, he is avoided by many peers. His mother reports that he is not invited to other children's birthday parties and that she has heard that other mothers view him as rude and disrespectful. Treatment should focus on increasing

Pragmatic skills

You are working with an adolescent, Alyssa, who has receptive and expressive language problems. She is getting Ds in most of her classes at the junior high school and has few friends. In therapy, it would be best to target

increasing social use of language and collaborating with the classroom teachers.

A child who shows slow, writhing, involuntary movements has which type of cerebral palsy?

Athetoid

Which one of the following is not true?

Standardized language tests help sample behaviors adequately, providing multiple contexts for sampling target-language

behaviors.

You are assessing the expressive language skills of a 4-year-old with delayed language. One of the things he says is "My birthday party was fun— we ate cake and cookies!" This would count as

10 words, 11 morphemes.

You move to a new elementary school and begin seeing the children on the caseload at this school. One child, who is being treated to "increase semantic skills," has four goals listed on her Individualized Education Program (IEP). Which one of these goals is inappropriate?

Increase use of appropriate discourse skills, turn taking, and conversational repair strategies

A child with traumatic brain injury would most likely manifest which of the following?

Impaired word retrieval and compre-hension, lack of attention, and memory problems

Which of the following is not true with regard to treatment of children with language disorders?

Because many children with language disorders have difficulties with working memory, clinicians should conduct therapy primarily through the auditory modality and not be concerned with incorporating tactile or visual activities into therapy.

A third-grade teacher refers 8-year-old Allyson to you. The teacher is concerned because "Allyson's verbal expression skills just are not what they should be. When she talks, she speaks in real simple sentences. Sometimes, I feel like I'm dealing with a kindergartener, not a third grader." When you speak with Allyson's parents, they say, "Allyson never was much of a talker. She talked late-later than her brothers and sisters. But she was always well behaved, and we never thought she had a problem." You decide that as part of your assessment of Allyson's language skills, you will gather and analyze a language sample using TTR. When you eventually calculate TTR based on her language sample, you find that her TTR is 0.31. You conclude that

Allyson is low in her lexical skills or the number of words she uses expressively.

A clinician is providing services for a school-age child, Myron, who uses an AAC device. Myron's parents and teacher report that he is having trouble with the device; others frequently do not understand what he is trying to communicate. He is showing increasing signs of frustration, and the clinician has been asked to help reduce his frustration by facilitating his communication with other people. To help Myron communicate more effectively with others so that they understand his messages better, the clinician needs to make sure that the symbols on Myron's AAC device are

transparent.

Justin is a 7-year-old second grade child who has been diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Since he was a toddler, he has had language difficulties. He has just transferred to your school district, and speech-language services have been recommended for him. Justin's parents are anxious for him to begin therapy as soon as possible. You read over the file of reports written by personnel from his previous school district and meet with your school's Student Study Team (SST) to discuss Justin and recommend the best possible program for him in your school district. The report from the previous SLP says, among other things, that Justin's language sample showed that he had difficulty with forms, such as -er (e.g., bigger) and -est (eg., biggest). Problems with these forms reflect poor

morphologic skills.

The SST believes that Justin might profit from the SCERTS approach to intervention, which involves

an emphasis on the importance of targeting goals in social communication and emotional regulation by implementing transactional supports, such as visual supports, environmental arrangements, and communication-style adjustments.

Using Brown's morphemes as a reference, which utterance below represents two morphemes?

Daddy's

A school-based SLP is conducting classroom-based intervention with several students diagnosed with specific language impairment. This means that the SLP is

going into the classroom and helping language-impaired students, individually or in a small-group format, to achieve classroom curriculum goals.

In a preschool setting, a typically developing child walks up to a child with SLI and says, "Let's play house. You be the mommy, and I'll be the daddy, and we'll make dinner. Then the grandma will put the baby to bed." The typically developing child is suggesting that they engage in which type of play?

Collaborative play

The mother of Danny, a 3-year-old who is speaking very little, has been working with an SLP on some language stimulation techniques to build Danny's expressive language skills. One day when they are driving, Danny points to the sky and says excitedly, "Plane sky!" His mother responds, "Yes, I see that big silver plane flying up in the blue sky! Wow!" She has just used the technique of

extension

The SLP has noted that when Danny does speak, he appears to have word retrieval difficulties. The SIP decides to target this in therapy. In targeting word retrieval skills, she is working on the area of

semantics

Jeannette is a 4-year-old girl with specific language impairment. At preschool, the teacher says, "Before you put on your jacket to go outside, be sure to get your snack." Jeannette puts her jacket on first and then tries to get her snack. The teacher becomes angry and believes Jeannette is not following orders. Jannette is showing difficulty with

order of mention

Jonathan is a 5-year-old boy with a language impairment. He has a German shepherd at home named Angel. The neighbors have a Rottweiler, and his grandma has a poodle. But Jonathan only calls Angel a "dog"; he does not use the word "dog" to refer to his neighbor's Rottweiler or his grandma's poodle. We can say that Jonathan is demonstrating the pattern of

underextension

Parents bring their son Derek to you. He is 30 months old and only says a few words. The pediatrician has told them to not worry and just give Derek time, saying "He is a boy, after all, and they usually develop language more slowly." But Derek's parents are still concerned. The best recommendation you could give them would be:

Recommend an immediate, full evaluation of Derek's language skills

You are working in a school and are told that a new child with an IEP has transferred to your school and will be needing language intervention. On her IEP, it states that she has a "pragmatic language disorder." Which one of the following problems are you MOST likely to see in this student?

Difficulties in allowing a conversational partner to have a turn

Mario is a 4-year-old Head Start preschool child whose teacher has observed some "red flags" in his language development. You decide to interview Mario's parents and observe him in the classroom set-ting. You also decide to conduct a language sample. You want to conduct a language sample with Mario because

a language samples primary diagnostic function is to evaluate the child's language in actual daily settings.

You obtain 50 utterances from Mario. Your analysis of the language sample shows that Mario used 100 words and 120 morphemes. Thus, his average MLU (mean length of utterance in morphemes) is

2.4.

Tonia is a 6-year-old with autism spectrum disorder. As you work with her, you find that she frequently says what you just said. For example, if you say "Tonia, point to the apple" she says "Tonia, point to the apple." What you are observing is Tonia's use of

immediate echolalia.

You have a new job in a school district where you are serving preschoolers, elementary students, and teens. You will remember that Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

is a federal grant program that assists states in operating a comprehensive statewide program of early intervention services for infants and toddlers with disabilities, ages birth through 2 years, and their families.

An SLP, Devin, receives a referral of Greta, a third grader with a diagnosis of ADHD. Devin remembers that Greta will probably have difficulties with executive dysfunction; this is due to brain differences in the______ lobe

frontal

Martin, a clinician in private practice, is conducting a home visit to observe Stephanie, a 2-year-old. Her parents are concerned because among other things, Stephanie calls everything "kitty" —the hamster, the dog, and the goldfish. Martin assures Stephanie's parents that she is appropriately displaying the pattern of __________

overextension

The parents of Genna, a 6-year-old with a language impairment, tell you that "Genna doesn't follow directions at home." You find that Genna has specific difficulties with order of mention. When her dad asks her to do something and she misinterprets it, which one of the following requests is Genna most likely to misinterpret?

Before you clear the table, be sure the dog is fed.

You are working as a clinician in a private clinic. A father brings his son, Johnny, age 4-and-a-half years, for an evaluation. According to his father, Johnny is "hard to understand, and sometimes the kids at preschool make fun of him." The pediatrician has told Johnny's father that Johnny will "outgrow this speech problem on his own," but the father wants to make sure that this advice is correct. Johnny will be starting kindergarten in 6 months, when he turns 5 years of age, and his father wants to be sure that Johnny speaks as intelligibly as possible so that he will not be teased in elementary school. When you evaluate Johnny, you find that he has e/s, t/f, w/r, d/ỗ, and j/1 substitutions. You decide to place him in therapy. You would begin therapy by addressing the

t/f substitution.

In Oller's stages of infant phonological development, reduplicated babbling precedes

nonreduplicated or variegated babbling.

A clinician evaluates the speech of a 5-year-old child with a phonological delay. The child is not intelligible to her kindergarten teacher or her peers and is placed in therapy to improve her intelligibility.

Assuming that this child uses the phonological process of consonant-cluster reduction, which of the following is the word you would most likely put on a word list used for treatment?

Stopped