Culture & Society

• How does the Habsburg Dynasty rule?

A variegated monarchy: the king that rules them all must rule them separately

-Separated entities under royal authority, but not a central authority.

-Attempts to unite (1640)

Reasons: Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

Consequences: Catalan rights

Legacy: from then to now *

Led to Portugal becoming a separate country.

Treaty of Fontainebleau

• aimed to combine formal agreements with secret military plans to extend French influence. While intended to secure Portuguese compliance, the treaty indirectly precipitated the Napoleonic Wars in the Iberian Peninsula, triggering widespread guerrilla warfare, and contributing to the French retreat.

The events that define Spanish Identity:

Events of May 2nd and 3rd of 1808. In Madrid on the 2nd, civilians fought French soldiers. May 3rd, French soldiers got paranoid and started to fight back so they publicly shot civilians.

Afrancesados:

• The Spaniards that supported the ideas of the French Revolution- the “Constitution,” but not considered one since issued by the French.

Miguel Primo De Rivera Dictatorship

• Loved economic policies of Italy 1920 (fascist)

• Copied fascism and ideology (we should increase tariffs to promote internal protection) 

• No freedom of press, right to vote

2nd Republic :

• Spain should have no official religion, should not help any religious help, and should have clear separation of state and church. 

• Concordat & Pact of Madrid (both in 1953)

• Republic vs. Franco, Franco had help from Germany (Hitler) and Italy (Musalini) 

• Franco was not a fascist, he adopted symbolisms, but not fascist ideology.

• The Pact of Madrid/Concordat 1953- Eisenhower (US) tries to convince Franco to open Spain’s border… US gets military base (land), Spain gets lots of money. Had a huge economic impact on Spain. 

• Concordat is an agreement between two countries (Spain/Madrid & the catholic church)