Readings in Philippine History: Units 1–2

origin of the term 'history'?

It is derived from the ancient Greek term 'historia', meaning learning through inquiry.

How did Aristotle define history?

As a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena.

What does Zeus Salazar say about 'kasaysayan'?

It is an essential narrative characterized by uniqueness and identity for a group of people.

Collingwood

Because it teaches people what they have done and thus what man is.

List one relevance of history according to Peter Stearns.

History contributes to Moral Understanding.

What does history help us understand?

People and societies.

What is the National Library of the Philippines known for?

It holds academic knowledge and general Philippine history.

What type of records does the Archives of the University of Santo Tomas contain?

Spanish era education-related records.

What is found in the Archdiocesan Archives of Manila?

Vast information on Church affairs, including Rizal's Retraction Letter.

What type of evidence does archaeological evidence refer to?

Remains such as artifacts and ecofacts that help determine the culture of an area.

What is a primary source?

The testimony of an eyewitness or a device present at the events.

primary source examples

Diaries, audio recordings, or photographs.

What is a secondary source?

The testimony of someone who was not present at the events.

What are unwritten sources?

Sources like archaeological evidence, oral evidence, and material evidence.

What does external criticism test?

The authenticity of sources.

What is internal criticism concerned with?

The credibility of a source.

misinformation?

False information shared without intending to deceive.

disinformation.

False information deliberately spread to deceive others.

malinformation?

True information shared to cause harm to a person or group.

What led to the weakening of the Katipunan?

Conflicts between its two factions, Magdiwang and Magdalo.

What is the Acta de Tejeros?

A written document from March 23, 1897, detailing disagreements within the Katipunan.

Who is Santiago V. Alvarez?

A Magdiwang leader known for his role in the Philippine Revolution.

Santiago V. Alvarez nickname

Kidlat ng Apoy or Kapitan Apoy.

What was the focus of Alvarez's revolutionary campaigns?

Fighting against Spanish colonial rule.

What did Alvarez do after the American victory?

Participated in reorganizing the Nacionalista Party for Philippine independence.

Who is the author of 'The Revolt of the Masses'?

Teodoro Agoncillo

What is the main focus of 'The Revolt of the Masses'?

The role of ordinary Filipinos in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule.

When was 'The Revolt of the Masses' published?

1956

What significant role did Teodoro Agoncillo play in Philippine historiography?

He interpreted Philippine history from the perspective of Filipinos.

Who was Andres Bonifacio?

The founder and Supremo of the Katipunan, central figure in Agoncillo's book.

When was the Katipunan founded?

July 7, 1892

What event did Andres Bonifacio lead in 1896?

The revolutionary movement against Spanish rule.

What was the Tejeros Convention?

A meeting on March 22, 1897, where Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president.

Who executed Andres Bonifacio?

The forces loyal to Emilio Aguinaldo on May 10, 1897.

Emilio Aguinaldo

He was elected president at the Tejeros Convention and proclaimed Philippine independence on June 12, 1898.

What was the Kartilya ng Katipunan?

A primary source written by Emilio Jacinto that taught discipline, morality, and equality to Katipuneros.

Who was Emilio Jacinto?

A close associate of Bonifacio and intellectual leader of the Katipunan.

Kartilya ng Katipunan emphasize?

The importance of discipline, morality, virtue, and equality among members.

Who was Antonio Pigafetta?

An Italian scholar and explorer who documented the first voyage around the world.

What did Pigafetta witness during his travels?

The Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521, where Magellan was killed.

What did the teachings of the Kartilya ng Katipunan state about time?

Time should not be wasted, as it cannot be regained once lost.

Daniel Tirona

He questioned Bonifacio's qualifications for the position of Director of the Interior.

Who kept a formal logbook during the expedition?

Francisco Albo

Who was Ferdinand Magellan?

A Portuguese explorer who sailed under the Spanish Crown to find a westward route to the Spice Islands.

What did Magellan name the Philippines?

Archipelago of St. Lazarus

How many ships were in Magellan's fleet?

Five ships: Victoria, Concepcion, San Antonio, Santiago, and Trinidad.

Who led the Battle of Mactan against the Spaniards?

Lapu-Lapu

What was the role of Zula in relation to Lapu-Lapu?

Zula sought help from Magellan to kill Lapu-Lapu.

What is the significance of the date October 21, 1520?

Magellan discovered the Strait of Magellan, a passage extending 600 km to two oceans.

What happened on March 31, 1521?

Fr. Pedro de Valderrama offered a mass and a cross was installed, signifying the conquest.

What was the outcome of the battle on April 27, 1521?

Magellan was killed by a poisoned arrow and later by a bamboo lance and javelin.

What happened to the surviving crew after Magellan's death?

They divided into two ships: Trinidad (captured) and Victoria (returned to Spain).

Who was Juan de Plasencia?

A Franciscan friar who arrived in the Philippines in 1578 and wrote about Tagalog customs.

What does the term 'Barangay' refer to?

Small communities composed of 30 to 100 families, named after the boats used to reach the islands.

What is the role of a Dato (Datu)?

Chief who governed and served as captain in times of war.

What are 'Maharlicas'?

Nobles who accompanied the dato in war and were exempt from taxes.

Differences between the 2 slaves

Namamahay lived in their own houses and couldn't be sold, while Guiguilir could be sold.

What could lead to someone acquiring slave status?

Debt, buying slaves, or committing crimes.

What were the Tagalog deities associated with love and generations?

Dian Masalanta

What does 'Badhalá' (Bathala) signify?

It signifies 'all powerful' or 'maker of all things'.

What is the role of a 'Catalonan'?

A priest, either male or female, in Tagalog culture.

Who were the 'Mangangauay'?

Witches who deceived others by pretending to heal the sick.

What was the purpose of 'Sonat'?

To help a person to die, similar to a preacher.

What does 'Pangatahojan' refer to?

A soothsayer or someone who can predict the future.

What is the significance of 'Lic-Ha' in Tagalog beliefs?

Images with different shapes used in worship.

What were 'Hocloban' known for?

Being either a healer or a witch with the ability to heal and kill.

What does 'Mangagayoma' do?

Makes charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood.