1 - Autonomic nervous system

What does the CNS involve?

Brain / spinal cord

What does the PNS split into?

Efferent / afferent

What does the efferent nervous system split into?

Autonomic / somatic nervous system

What is the abbreviation ANS?

Autonomic nervous system

What does the ANS split into?

Sympathetic / parasympathetic

What receptors do sweat glands act on?

Muscarinic acetylcholine

What chemical do sweat glands signal?

Acetylcholine

What molecule begins the biosynthesis of adrenaline?

Tyrosine

What is tyrosine synthesised into?

L-DOPA

What is needed to synthesise tyrosine → L-DOPA?

Tyrosine hydroxylase

What is L-DOPA synthesised into?

Dopamine

What is needed for the synthesis of L-DOPA → dopamine?

DOPA decarboxylase

What is dopamine synthesised into?

Noradrenaline

What is needed for the synthesis of dopamine → noradrenaline?

Dopamine B-hydroxylase

What is the final step of the biosynthesis of adrenaline?

Noradrenaline → adrenaline

What is the order of chemicals synthesised, during the biosynthesis of adrenaline?

Tyrosine → L-DOPA → dopamine → noradrenaline → adrenaline

What is needed for the synthesis of noradrenaline → adrenaline?

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

What does the term ‘ganglion’ mean?

Collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

Pre-ganglionic neuron in sympathetic is _____?

Short

Post-ganglionic neuron in sympathetic is _____?

Long

Why are pre-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic NS short?

Because most of the ganglia are located next to the spinal cord

What neurotransmitter is released by the pre-ganglionic neuron in the sympathetic NS?

Acetylcholine

What is the receptor on the post-ganglionic neurone in the sympathetic NS?

Nicotinic acetylcholine

What receptors do noradrenaline act on? on target tissues. (sympathetic NS)

Adrenoceptors

Adrenaline / epinephrine

Noradrenaline / norepinephrine

What are ‘paravertebral ganglia’ ?

Sympathetic ganglia located close to the spinal cord in a chain

What are ‘prevertebral ganglia’ ?

Sympathetic ganglia located close to target tissues

What part of the adrenal gland is adrenaline produced by?

Adrenal medulla

What are chromaffin cells? (comparison)

Functionally analogous to postganglionic neurons but lack axons

What type of receptors are found on chromaffin cells?

Nicotinic acetylcholine

What do chromaffin cells do to neurotransmitters?

Release into the circulation to act in a hormonal manner

What is AAAT?

Aromatic amino acid transporter

How does tyrosine enter a neuron?

By AAAT / aromatic amino acid transporter

What is the transporter for newly synthesized noradrenaline?

Vesicular monoamine transporter / VMAT

What does VMAT do for newly synthesized noradrenaline?

Package into vesicles

What receptor do noradrenaline bind to on the post-ganglionic neuron?

Adrenoceptor

What are the 2 termination mech of signalling at adrenergic synapses?

Uptake 2 / NET

What is NET?

Norepinephrine transport

What does Uptake 2 do?

Take noradrenaline into surrounding cells

What does NET do?

Take noradrenaline back into the presynaptic neuron

What are the 2 enzymes that metabolises noradrenaline?

Monoamine oxidase / MAO & Catechol-O-methyltransferase / COMT

Adrenoceptors are members of a huge family of proteins called:________?

G protein coupled receptors / GPCRs

What are the 3 types of G protein?

Gs / Gq / Gi

What is the receptor for ACh on the post-synaptic?

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

Which of the 5 types of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are found in the CNS?

M4 / M5

Where are the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: M1, M2 & M3 located?

Glands / heart / smooth muscles

What are inotropic effects?

Changes in the force of contraction