bio exam 1 cards

What is the name of the molecule which gives an amino acid its unique properties?

Functional group

Isotopes are atoms which have the same number of neutrons and electrons but the number of protons varies.

false, Isotopes have same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Which of the following must a molecule contain to be considered organic

carbon

When two atoms covalent bond they...

share electrons

___are the subatomic particles which surround the nucleus of an atom which give it negative charge.

Electrons

The portion of a DNA molecule which makes up the “ladder rungs” of the double helix and form complementary base pairs are known as

Nitrogenous base

Proteins are composed of different sequences of..

Amino acids

A carbohydrate that is composed of a long strings of monomers

polysaccharides

Ionic bonds will not break apart in water and are stronger than covalent bonds

this is false, because ionic bonds are weak and break under water

What is the outermost energy shell of an atom called?

valence shell

An atoms Mass Number represents

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

An atoms Atomic Number represents

the number of protons

The purpose of a sterol is

cell communication

The properties of an atom are determined by the number of electrons in the valence shell.

true

The head of a Phospholipid is said to be _________ because it has an attraction to water

hydrophilic

Electrical attraction between the partial negative charge of Oxygen and the partial positive charge of Hydrogen in a Water molecule are responsible for its ability to form Hydrogen bonds

true

H+ ions make a solution ______.

acidic

The process through which cells can create large organic molecules

dehydration reaction

A/n ______ is the name for positive ion

cation

A pH of 6 is considered

acidic

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite changes inside or outside the body.

What does anterior mean?

front of the body

What does posterior mean?

back of the body

what does ventral mean

front of the body

what does dorsal mean?

back of the body

what does superior mean?

above or toward the head

What does inferior mean?

Below toward the feet

What does medial mean?

toward the middle of the body

what does lateral mean?

away from the middle of the body

what does proximal mean?

closer to where the limb attaches to the body

what does distal mean?

farther away from where a limb attaches to the body

What does caudal mean?

toward the feet

what does deep mean?

away from the surface of the body

what was superficial mean?

closer to the surface of the body

: What did Claudius Galen contribute to anatomy

He studied anatomy through animal dissections and influenced medicine for centuries.

What did Leonardo da Vinci contribute to anatomy

He performed dissections and made detailed, accurate anatomical drawings.

What did Andreas Vesalius contribute to anatomy?

He used human dissections to correct errors in earlier anatomical knowledge.

What did Robert Hooke contribute to biology

He observed cork under a microscope and coined the term “cell.”

What is the main function of the integumentary system?

Protects the body, helps regulate temperature, and provides sensation.

What is the main function of the skeletal system?

Supports and protects the body, allows movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.

What is the main function of the muscular system?

Produces movement, maintains posture, and generates heat.

What is the main function of the nervous system?

Detects stimuli and rapidly coordinates the body’s responses.

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

Uses hormones to regulate body functions.

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes throughout the body

What is the main function of the lymphatic/immune system?

Returns fluid to the blood and helps defend the body against pathogens.

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What is the main function of the digestive system

Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

What is the main function of the urinary system?

Removes wastes and regulates water, electrolytes, and pH.

What is the main function of the reproductive system?

Produces sex cells and hormones and allows reproduction.

What are the basic requirements for survival?

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

What is negative feedback?

A response that reverses a change and brings the body back toward its normal range.

What is positive feedback?

A response that increases or amplifies a change until a specific event is completed

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

What is an element?

A: A substance made of atoms with the same number of protons.

What is an atom?

The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties.

What is a compound?

A substance made when two or more different elements chemically combine.

What are valence electrons?

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that are involved in chemical bonding.

What is an ion?

An atom or molecule with a net charge because it gained or lost electrons.

What is an isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

What is a chemical reaction

A: A process where substances are rearranged to form new substances.

Q: What are reactants

The substances you start with in a chemical reaction.

What are products?

: The substances produced by a chemical reaction.

What is an organic compound?

A carbon-containing compound, usually containing carbon bonded to hydrogen.

What is a hydrocarbon?

A: A molecule made only of carbon and hydrogen.

What is a functional group?

: A specific group of atoms that gives a molecule certain chemical properties.

What is a carbohydrate monomer?

: A monosaccharide, such as glucose.

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

Providing short-term energy.

What are the main functions of lipids?

Long-term energy storage, insulation, protection, and forming cell membranes.

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids.

What is a peptide bond?

A covalent bond that connects amino acids.

What is a polypeptide?

A chain of amino acids.

What are the two major nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA.

What is the main function of DNA?

Stores genetic information.

What is the main function of RNA?

Helps use genetic information to make proteins

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What is the plasma membrane?

The selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell.

What is selective permeability?

The ability of a membrane to allow some substances through while restricting others.

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

Two layers of phospholipids that make up the basic structure of the cell membrane.

What does the nucleus do?

Stores DNA and helps control cell activities.

What is the head of a phospholipid?

The head is hydrophilic, meaning it is attracted to water.

What is the tail of a phospholipid?

The tails are hydrophobic, meaning they repel/avoid water.

What are phospholipid heads and tails made of?

The head contains a phosphate group, while the tails are made of fatty acids.

How are phospholipids arranged in the cell membrane?

The hydrophilic heads face the water on the inside and outside of the cell, while the hydrophobic tails face inward toward each other.

What do mitochondria do

Produce ATP, the cell’s main usable form of energy.

What do lysosomes do?

Break down and recycle cellular materials.

What is passive transport?

Movement across a membrane without using cellular energy.

What is active transport?

Movement across a membrane that requires cellular energy.

What is facilitated diffusion?

Movement from high to low concentration through a membrane protein without using ATP.

What is endocytosis?

A: Movement of material into a cell using a vesicle.

What is exocytosis

Movement of material out of a cell using a vesicle.

: What is the nucleus

The organelle that contains the cell’s DNA.

What is transcription?

DNA TO RNA

mRNA

messenger RNA

tRNA

transfer RNA

What are the four DNA bases?

A: A = Adenine, T = Thymine, C = Cytosine, G = Guanine

What are the four RNA bases?

A = Adenine, U = Uracil, C = Cytosine, G = Guanine.

What bases connect together in DNA?

A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.

A → T
C → G

What bases connect together in RNA?

A pairs with U, and C pairs with G.

A → U
C → G

What DNA base does RNA use instead of thymine?

Uracil (U).

What is the sagittal plane?

A: Divides the body into left and right sections.